2026-05-07T01:11:44Z https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/oai

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/1 2022-08-12T10:58:37Z mjz:G.Edt driver

Dietary Practices against diabetic patient: Dietary Practices against diabetic patient Koser, Hafiza Nazia Jaffer, Hafiza Madiha Mubasahar, Hooria Diabetes is a persistent disease described by raised degrees of blood glucose, along with interrupted metabolism of fatty and aminoacids. As a consequence, the level of glucose raises in blood as it cannot be consumed in the cellular pathways. The reason is the failure of pancreatic insulin production or impotency of the cells to utilize the synthesized insulin. Diabetes is categorized into 3 main types: Type 1, where pancreas is unable to synthesize insulin; Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-here the body cells are not able to utilize the delivered insulin through pancreas and consequently, the production of insulin reduces sequentially; Type 3- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), it happens in pregnancy and is responsible for maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy, at birth and soon after delivery. Type 1 is prevalent in children, teenagers and young adults. However, the etiology and mechanisms are unknown. Genetic predisposition and environmental aspects jointly play a role in the complex mechanisms of diabetes. The contributing factors for T2DM are known better than other types. Risk factors include age, obesity, inactive lifestyle, smoking and diet. These are modifiable risk factors and an individual can manage this type of diabetes by managing the life style factors. Dietary practices, for example, intake of high carbohydrate and cholesterol rich diet have likewise been connected to increased risk of T2DM. GDM risk factors are not just like those for T2DM - family history, age, overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle yet additionally included extra weight gain during pregnancy. Uncontrolled diabetes causes problems in numerous organs. Destruction to large and small blood vessels and nerves causes vision loss and kidney dysfunction, coronary failures, strokes, and lower appendage removals. Diabetes causes handicap and abbreviates lives. Substandard mindfulness and restricted diabetic training administration are viewed as obstructions to seek better treatment results. Primary care suppliers need to provide consistent diabetes information to the public in order to prevent the progression of disease as it is worldwide endemic ailment. As indicated by the World Health Organization, it can be forestalled and overseen by doing proper physical activity and eating healthy diet. It is fundamental for the administration to put resources into ways of forestalling and help in the early discovery of such disease by performing public screening and instruction programs.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/1 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.1 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 02-02 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/1/34 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.1.g34 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/2 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:ART driver

A Biosorption study of Lead by Aspergillus Fumigatus: Biosorption study of Lead by Aspergillus Fumigatus Gill, Anil John, Akash Faridi, Tallat Anwar Noor, Sofia Iqbal, Neelam Heavy metals liberated by various industrial and agricultural processes are the major pollutants in soil, agricultural, marine, and industrial and even treated waste waters. Lead is greatly used in many industrial applications such as a storage battery manufacturing, printing, fuels, photographic materials, pigments and explosive manufacturing Objective: To assess the ability of Aspergillus fumigatus for removal of metal contamination such as lead by biosorptionMethods: The pure culture of the Aspergillus fumigatus was used for biosorption. The initial samples were cultured on the bread as the fungal spores were given suitable environmental conditions i.e., temperature, moisture, pH etc. For obtaining the pure culture of the Aspergillus fumigatus culture media was prepared. The spores collected were then allowed to grow on a specific culture media in a sterile Petri plates under aseptic conditions. Inoculation will be carried out by using 20 loops of fungal spores spread on the culture medium. After inoculation these plates were incubated at 28°C for few days and the colonies of the fungal strain becomes visible after 48 hours. The prepared agar is poured in the sterilized Petri plates were allowed to cool and solidify. As a result of this centrifugation, the spores and agar were separated. After 12 days of incubation, one fourth portion of the agar plate was cut and placed into the falcon tubes containing 10 ml distilled water Results: The results revealed that the biosorption recovery rate is maximum at 120 mg\g of dry mass i.e. 3.4%. The above estimation shows that the percentage of biosorption is directly proportional to the biomass concentration. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/2 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.2 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 14-20 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/2/7 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.2.g7 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/3 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:ART driver

Effects of Chlorpyrifos on proximal characteristics of Labeo rohita fish in acute and chronic exposure: Effects of Chlorpyrifos on proximal characteristics of Labeo rohita Syed, Adeeba Mazhar, Sumaira Rafi, Uzma Hussain , Dilawar Chemical burden has been increased on agricultural land throughout the world due industrialization Objective: To observe the proximal characteristics of a very famous fresh water fish commonly called as rohu(Labeorohita) with acute and chronic exposure of pesticide,Chlorpyrifos (CPF).Method:To check acute exposure, concentrations of CPF used include, 0, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 mg/L for 96 hrs in glass aquaria. For Labeorohita, 96 hrs LC50 value of CPF was found 0.01 mg/L. To study chronic exposure on Labeorohita, 1/3rd, 1/5th, 1/7th and 1/9th of LC50 for 30 days concentrations were used. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected for proximal analysis. The parameters included moisture, ash, lipids and protein Results:The exposure of CPF reduced the protein content. Moreover, there was reduction in ash and moisture contents. Conclusions: It is therefore concluded that CPF adversely affects the major organs of the fish Labeorohita CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/3 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.3 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 21-24 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/3/5 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.3.g5 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/4 2022-08-12T10:58:37Z mjz:ART driver

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Scabies In An Urban Slum Area, Islamabad: Scabies in scabies in an urban Slum area Faridi, Tallat Anwar Rathor, Hamayun Rashid Scabies, Infection, Prevalence, Pakistan Scabies is a parasite infection that affects both men and women of all races and socioeconomic backgrounds. Scabies traditionally affects the hands, between the fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, genital areas, and breasts in women. Prolonged skin-to-skin contact, hand-holding, or sexual contact are the most prevalent modes of transmission. Scabies is a sexually transmitted illness because transmission takes 15-20 minutes of close contact. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of scabies in an urban slum in Islamabad. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a slum area of Islamabad. A simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of households. The sample size was 397. A specially designed, semi-structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher to collect information on all study variables related to demography and other variables related to scabies. The collected data thus collected were entered and analyzed in IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 21. The results were produced in the form of frequency, percentages, valid percentages and cumulative percentages, graphs and tables and tabulated form. Results: The results showed that 57% of population was suffering from scabies at the time of the study. Gender (male) (p-value 0.286), marital status (married) (p-value 0.126), educational status (illiterate) (p-value 0.005), income (<6000) (p-value 0.005), and length of residence (>2 years) (p-value 0.000) were significantly associated with scabies.  Conclusions: It is concluded that there was a high prevalence of scabies in the study population. Gender, marital status, educational status, income, and length of residence were strongly associated with the prevalence of scabies in that population while a number of people living in one room (overcrowding) was not associated with the prevalence of scabies. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/4 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.4 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 08-13 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/4/31 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.4.g31 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/5 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:ART driver

Survey of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Comorbidities in Lahore Al-Arifa, Najiya ul Huda, Noor Ullah, Samra Atta Vitamin D is recognized for its importance in bone health along with the reduced risk of cardiovascular, autoimmune and several chronic diseases. Objectives: Present study was designed to explore the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with comorbidities (Type 2 Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Hypertension, Asthma, Heart Disease, Gastritisand Osteoporosis) among the subjects visiting outpatient departments (OPDs) of public hospitals in Lahore. Methods: Adult (>18 years) male and female subjects (n = 200) participated in present cross-sectional study. Participating individuals were required to fill questionnaires which recorded their medical history and BMI. Blood samples were taken for laboratory evaluation of vitamin D3 deficiency. Data was analyzed for evaluation of diverse risk factors. Serum level of vitamin D3 (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D3]) were measured using standard procedures of measurement using Human Vitamin D3 (VD3) ELISA Kit (MyBioSource, Inc. USA). Results: Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in females than in males. Of the 200 individuals, the highest number of patients suffered from Diabetes Myelitis Type-II (61%) followed by Thyroid Disease (38%). Whereas, the least number of vitamin D3 deficient subjects were suffering from Osteoporosis (5%).  CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/5 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.5 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 18-23 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/5/15 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.5.g15 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/6 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:Edt driver

Welcome Note from Editor-in-Chief Mehboob, Riffat We take great pleasure to launch ‘Markhor-the journal of Zoology’ (MJZ) under the umbrella of ‘Lahore Medical Research Center, LLP’ (LMRC). LMRC is a research center that conducts researchers in medical and health sciences as well as biomedical and biological sciences. It also publishes International peer reviewed journals such as ‘Pakistan BioMedical Journal’ which is the first journal launched by LMRC. MJZ is an international peer reviewed bi-annual journal, that publishes original articles, reviews, letter to editors, meta-analysis, systematic reviews related to zoological sciences. It covers the specialities of wildlife, veterinary sciences, animal sciences, cell biology, molecular biology, biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, anthropology, evolutionary studies, environmental biology, biodiversity, taxonomy, paleontology, physiology, entomology, parasitology, fisheries, dairy, livestock, animal conservation and developmental biology. Manuscripts are welcome from researchers and scientists all over the world. I congratulate all the team of journal for their efforts in it’s launching. In the coming years, we will face a challenge to improve the quality and standard of the journal and bring it to the new heights of excellence. Support from authors, reviewers and readers is welcome in terms of scholarly contributions and suggestions. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/6 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.6 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/6/3 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.6.g3 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/7 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Chronic Liver Disease and it’s Complications Arshad, Misbah Asif, Hina John, Akash Pasha, Muhammad Omer Liver diseases progresses to more severe forms and thus are a major health problem. Cirrhosis and primitive liver cancer are significantly important in the west and are among the first 10 causes of death in adults. In all chronic liver diseases the final common pathway is liver cirrhosis, characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix rich in fibrillar collagens. Cirrhotic patients are at risk of developing many potential complications.One of the major complications of CLDs is Portal hypertension (PH),leads to the progression of portal vein-systemic collateral circulation that includes portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and esophageal and gastric varices. Disabling and distressing manifestation of liver cirrhosis is tense ascites. In the presence of ascites alteration occurs in ventricular function. Cirrhosis may cause renal dysfunction, a common and potentially life threatening complication in hospitalized patients. Both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney injury (CKD) are most common, often occurring simultaneously. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/7 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.7 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 3-7 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/7/6 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.7.g6 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/8 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:Edt driver

Fish diversity in Pakistan and common threats Mehboob, Riffat Fishes are one of the most diverse group of vertebrates with more than 33000 species. Owing to variety of landscape, rivers and lakes provide the best habitat for fishes in Pakistan. They are identified on the basis of several visual characters. With advancements in machine learning, researchers from Pakistan have used a Fish-Pak data set to identify various fishes in local market [1]. Common fishes found in Pakistan are Rohu, Thaila, Mrigal, silver carp, grass carp and rainbow trout. In last four decades, several alien fish species like Cyprinus sp. Oreochromis sp. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Carassius Auratus, Aristichthys nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idella have been introduced directly or indirectly in our natural river systems. Recent survey reports a total of 64 exotic species of fishes in Punjab, Pakistan. These alien fishes destroy habitat of native species and negatively impact fish fauna [2]. According to WWF survey, 86 species of the fish fauna is of special concern of fishes while 34 species have been declared as endemic. Furthermore, number of species having special IUCN status are 11, commercially important are 31, very rare species are only 8 in Pakistan. Population of economically important species is declining due to overexploitation, pollution and habitat fragmentation. Industrial and municipal waste has been associated with metal contamination in muscle mass of fishes, which make them a hazard to consume [3]. Similarly, marble effluents are also a threat to fish population [4]. Therefore, possible measures for fish conservation needs special attention for its sustainable use and diversity. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/8 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.8 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/8/22 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.8.g22 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/9 2022-08-12T10:58:37Z mjz:ART driver

Frequency of Micro-organisms in Different Biological Samples of Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan: Isolation of microorganisms from biological samples Abbas, Ansar Khalid, Sidra Jafri, Syeda Uroosa Infection, Bacteria, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, samples, Antibody resistance Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of illness and death across the world. In this context, the spread of resistant microbes plays a key role. Due to insufficient treatment choices and the sluggish discovery of new antibiotic classes, the rapid emergence of multidrug resistance in bacteria poses a serious threat to global public health. Objective: To determine the frequency of clinical isolates in various samples. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was undertaken at the Pathology Department of the Fatima Memorial Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The study lasted one year. A total of 1,200 samples (sputum, wound swabs, blood, urine, pus, cerebrospinal fluid, and semen) were collected. Each sample was taken in a sterile container. The sample container was labeled with the source, date, and time of collection within one hour of collection and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Bacteria were identified using traditional culture and biochemical testing. Results: A total of 1200 clinical isolates were identified. Positive cultures obtained from 1200 biological samples were mostly from Urine (71.1%). 55.3% of the positive sample were male and 73% of the clinical isolates were gram-negative. Among Gram-negative isolates, the most common pathogen was Klebsiella species (42.9%) and among Gram-Positive isolates, the most common pathogen was Staphylococcus Aureus 68.5%. Conclusions: Gram-negative bacterial isolates were prevalent, with 55% frequency distribution and Staphylococcus aureus was frequent in different samples of patients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/9 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.9 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 14-19 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/9/32 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.9.g32 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/10 2022-08-12T10:58:37Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Spectrum, and Pathophysiology of Sepsis: Spectrum and Pathophysiology of Sepsis Kabir, Mahvish Rafi, Uzma Antibiotics; infections; contamination; sepsis; septic shock; pathophysiology Infections represents a frequent medical concern in the individuals of all age group. It happened whenpatients’system responses toward any infections which causes a condition called sepsis which further led to the organmalfunctioning. When a dysregulated host reacted toward infection that causes a life-threatening organ dysfunction that can led to the state of critical chronic illness accompanied by catabolism and severe immune dysfunction.It is generally brought about by microbes’ growths, bacterial disease, or infections and at present there is no particular treatment; and lead to 30% mortality rate, causing millions of deaths per year worldwide. It is more common among elder age individuals as compared to young individuals. Recent definitions have been distributed for clinical practices and exploration of sepsis and contributed toward early diagnosis of the disease. Early, and effective antimicrobial treatment is related with endurance from sepsis and increases the survival rate from the disease. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/10 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.10 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 03-07 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/10/33 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.10.g33 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/11 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Prevention and Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tanvir, Imrana Khalid, Sidra Ehsan, Kashifa Siddique, Maria Fareed Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is increasing day by day in its incidence and prevalence globally while its etiology differs in different parts of the world. Its risk factors, causative agents vary with regions and males are found to be dominating in using cigarettes, alcohol and gutka products, because of its easily availability and access to males in all places whereas females are more conscious about their health and esthetic value. This may be one of the reasons, which may be responsible for a high male-to-female ratio. This mini-review sheds lights on the treatment and preventive strategies available for the management of OSCC CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/11 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.11 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 8-10 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/11/8 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.11.g8 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/12 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Biological Uses and Importance of Iron Regulation: Iron regulation Hasnain, Ammarah Kanwal, Shazia Iron is an exceedingly important nutrient of the human body that has the ability to proceed the formation of free radicals and helps in the process of redox cycling with many different roles in metastasis and in microenvironment. It is required for many complex biological processes occurring in cells and inevitable for its viability and human survival. Such processes include oxygen transportation within body, cell proliferation and growth. Winsgoal adalah slot mahjong gacor dengan fitur scatter hitam winrate kemenangan tinggi. Daftar dan nikmati fitur situs jackpot terbesar hari ini! It produces free radicals and has redox cycling capacity which may be responsible for tumorigenesis as well. Iron metabolic pathways are new therapeutic strategies for improving cancer prognosis and treatment as reprogramming of iron metabolism is a key aspect for tumor cells growth and survival. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/12 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.12 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 11-13 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/12/9 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.12.g9 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/13 2022-08-12T10:58:01Z mjz:G.Edt driver

Some Interesting facts about National Animal of Pakistan Fatima, Naz “Markhor” (Capra falconeri) name is derived from two Persian and Pashto words, “Mar” means ‘snake’ and “khor” means ‘eater’. It is a large wild goar, habitant of mountains and high altitude rainy forest of Western and Central Asia. It is national animal of Pakistan and also termed as the ‘screw-horned goat’ or ‘Shakhawat’. The male Markhor are usually loners while females live in herds of 9. They are diurnal and excellent climbers and jump on rocky, mountains. After chewing the cud, they form a foamy substance in their drool which is used by the native people for extracting poison of the snake. Male Markhor lives in forest during the hot weathers, while female Markhor climb the highest peaks. However, they descend down to the area of relatively lower altitudes in cold season to avoid the extreme weather conditions. They forage for around 8-12 hours a day and then rest during the mid-day to chew their cud. Markhor are normally kept with other 83:wild goats. They are captivated in zoo and wildlife parks for conservation purpose. Markhor have an average life span of 10 to 13 years. They are susceptible of being eaten, when threatened, they give an alarm that is similar to that of a domestic goat bleating. It is listed as an endangered species on ‘The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List since 2015. During the last fifteen years (2006-2020), hundreds of markhor have been killed in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan [1]. Direct predation and disturbance of natural environment to these animals have compromised conservation of markhor in Pakistan. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/13 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.13 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 1; 02 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/13/10 10.54393/mjz.v1i1.13.g10 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/14 2022-08-12T10:58:37Z mjz:ART driver

Lack Of Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers: Lack of breastfeeding among working mothers Murtaza Malhi, Zainab Khalid, Sidra Sharmeen, Zainab Bashir, Shahid Huda, Noor ul Arshad, Misbah Non-breast feeding, Mothers, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Obesity The nursing stage is the most crucial time in a person's life for growth and development, and nourishment is crucial during this time for a newborn. Breastfeeding has also been linked to reduce the incidence of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and obesity in females. Objective: To find out whether women are aware that non-feeding females are more likely to develop obesity, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. Methods: Data were gathered from female patients at Sheikh Zaid Hospital in Rahim Yar Khan. Non-probability convenient sampling with a sample size of 100 was used in this comparative investigation. Results: The findings revealed that 19 women knew not nursing might result in ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and obesity, whereas 81 women did not had any idea. Also, the findings showed that, in contrast to 94 women, only 6 women were exclusively nursing their kid for 6 months. The research indicate that while 22 women did not believe that lack of time is a barrier to breastfeeding, 78 women did. Lastly, the data also reveals that 83 women believed that working may make it difficult to breastfeed, whereas 17 women did not. Conclusion: The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater her protection against breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and obesity. The lack or limited lifetime duration of breastfeeding that is typical of women in these countries is primarily to blame for the high frequency of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and obesity in industrialized nations. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/14 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.14 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 20-25 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/14/38 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.14.g38 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/15 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:Edt driver

Antibiotic Resistance in Present Era Mehboob, Riffat Antibiotics antibiotic resistance bacteria The antibiotics are an essential group of therapeutic drugs used to kill bacteria on various levels in the human body. These antibiotics had played a significant role for the treatment as well as the prevention of bacterial infections. The effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial infections cannot be denied. However, an overuse and misuse of antibiotics, the current poor hygiene and contamination control mechanisms have lead to the improvement of antibiotic resistance. Anti-microbial or antibiotic resistance is an international public health issue, greatly dominant in the developing countries. Antibiotic resistance is a bacterial adaptation, which allows bacteria to persist regardless of the presence of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a significant risk to human health and is being seen as a global environmental and economic risk. The relationship between bacterial resistance and misuse of antibiotics had been well documented, and was considered to be a major public health problem. Antibiotics are important to treat the bacterial infections but inaccurately prescription, misuse and overuse of antibiotics are elevating the antibiotic resistance. It is still a significant health problem in developing countries where not many hospitals have facilities for microbiology of clinical isolates which can assign to blind treatment. Change in the bacteriological profile due indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been associated with the appearance of multiple drug resistance strains. Information regarding the antibiotic susceptibility profile is essential in the selection of the most appropriate treatment and can minimize the antibiotic resistance. Preventive measures should be implemented in true sense to control antibiotic resistance. “Cleanliness is next to Godliness” and hence, clean surroundings as well as clean hands should be ensured. Soaps should be used for hand washing frequently. Awareness campaigns should be promoted and self-medication should be avoided. Antibiotic susceptibility investigations should be carried out for suspected bacterial infections.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/15 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.15 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 01-01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/15/20 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.15.g20 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/16 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:G.Edt driver

Human Papilloma Virus Rafi, Uzma HPV, DNA virus, head and neck cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small DNA virus composed of an icosahedral viral particle. It has a genome of 8000 base pairs approximately surrounded by a protein capsid [1]. In sexually transmitted infections and veneral diseases including vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex, HPV has become more common in adults and accounts for 11% of cancer incidence in women worldwide [2]. It has become more common in sexually transmitted diseases. There are many types of HPV that are specific for specific diseases, but HPV type-16 is associated with HNSCC [2]. HPV has genomic DNA and almost 15-20% of HNSCC has the genomic DNA which is present in HPV.             The distribution of HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer is highest in the tonsils, not frequently in the hypopharynx and very rare in the oral cavity. In tonsils the HPV DNA is found in 45%-67% of the cases, in hypopharynx the HPV DNA is found in 13%-25% of the cases and in the oral cavity and larynx the rate is 12%-18% and 3%-7% respectively. This shows the variation of HPV infection with the site of the tumor [3]. Detection of HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma depends on the methodology used and type of tissue examined. Yield of HPV DNA extracted from oral samples is usually low and hence, it is very important to adopt sensitive and accurate techniques. In many studies HPV is thought to cause infection in stem cells within the basal layer of mucosa [4]. HPV replicates in the basal cells of the stratified epithelium [5]. If we compare tobacco users and never-tobacco users, it is concluded from a study that increased risk of diseases are found in tobacco users with advanced HPV+OSCC than never-tobacco users [6]. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/16 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.16 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 02-02 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/16/21 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.16.g21 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/17 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic life Rafi, Uzma Mazhar, Sumaira Chaudhry, Afeefa Syed, Adeeba Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Heavy metals, Aquatic animals The metals that are highly dense and toxic at low quantities are termed as heavy metals. These metals include Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Nickel, Arsenic and Silver etc. Among these metals Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead are considered most toxic to humans, animals and fish. Heavy metals enter the aquatic ecosystem through disposal of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes and bioaccumulates in the food chain. Chromium is generally present in aquatic ecosystems between the range 1-10 µg/L which is highly toxic. Higher concentration of Chromium in aquatic ecosystem can result in accumulation in fish and have adverse effects on consumers’ health. Cadmium and Lead deposit on the gills of the fish and cause suffocation which may lead to death of the fish. Accumulation of Cadmium is generally associated with organ damage and anemia that results in death of the fish and its consumer. In the presence of Cadmium, the toxicity of Lead generally increases the toxicity drastically in Gambusia affinis. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/17 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.17 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 03-08 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/17/12 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.17.g12 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/18 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Effect of Environmental Pollutants on Neurological Disorders Aslam, Maria Ali, Muhammad Haris Erum, Wardah Shehzadi, Sonia Khalid, Zobiya Environmental Pollutants & Neurological Disorders Environmental pollution is one of the leading causes towards the rise of the neurological disorders. All types of pollutants whether biodegradable and non-biodegradable both contributes towards different neurological issues and affects human life badly. The effect of these pollutants even affects the baby in the womb. Other than this environmental pollutant is also responsible for causing other complex disorders such as cancer, diabetes, heart diseases and many more. Different types of environmental pollution such as air, water, land, thermal, sound, radiation etc. have different impact on the neurological health of the individuals. Disastrous conditions as well as the areas with poor hygiene and cleaning facilities are also linked with the presence of or growth of harmful microorganisms and these are the sites that are accumulated with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury etc. Along with this noise pollution also affects our brain and nervous system and can cause complications even can cause depression among people. Similarly, the polluted water contains a number of pollutants and toxic metals which accelerates the process of aging and in longer term to cause neurodegenerative diseases. The role of nutrition is highly recommended in neurological disorders and complications as eating healthy diet and taking safety precautions in food preparations and proper handling of food in industries can decrease the chances of the occurring of such diseases. Concluding the facts of our study it has been seen that environmental pollutants triggers the oxidative stress and cause neurotoxicity and inflammation of the neuron cells which in longer term causes different neurodegenerative diseases. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/18 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.18 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 09-13 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/18/13 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.18.g13 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/19 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:ART driver

Association of maternal age and presence of non-communicable diseases in consanguineous marriage with congenital abnormalities in infants Khalid, Sidra Nadeem, Sajeeha Fatima, Misbah Kausar, Humera Asif, Hina Consanguineous marriages, child birth, maternal and pediatric health Consanguineous marriages are most common among communities where most families are of traditional and extended types. It has been seen that females who conceive at a very young age or have any non-communicable disease have higher chances to have off springs with congenital abnormalities. Objective: To find out the association between maternal age and non-communicable diseases with congenital abnormalities in children. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study performed at District Head Quarter Hospital, Okara, including 100 married participants in the age range of 19-55 years after obtaining their informed consent Results: It was observed that 57% of mothers were below 20 at marriage, 42% were above 20 at marriage and 1% of mothers were above 30 at marriage, were having children with congenital abnormalities. 22 out of 100 mothers had obesity, 15 had diabetes and 21 had CVD when pregnant. The infants born to these mothers suffered from brain anomalies, cleft lip and cleft palate, CVD and diabetes. The results were obtained with p less than 0.05. Conclusion: Congenital abnormalities were more common among children with mothers aged below 20 or 25 and suffering from any metabolic or genetic disorder. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/19 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.19 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 24-27 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/19/16 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.19.g16 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/20 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:ART driver

Frequency and Gram Categorywise Distribution of Clinical Isolates from Patient samples in tertiary care Hospital of Lahore Abbas, Ansar Kausar, Humera Hasnain, Ammarah Kabir, Mahvish Siddiqui, Maria Fareed Antibiotic resistance, bacterial isolates, antibacterial activity Antibiotics form an important tool in the treatment of various bacterial infections but their overuse and misuse are resulting in antibacterial resistance among bacteria. Objective: to outline the frequency and gram categorywise distribution of clinical isolates from patient samples Methods: In this study, 1000 samples were collected from the patients attending the pathology department of Fatima memorial hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Identification of bacteria was done through conventional culture and biochemical tests Results: one thousand clinical isolated were identified Conclusions: Gram negative bacterial isolates were prevalent, with 55% frequency distribution and Staphylococcus aureus was frequent as it was identified in 410 different samples of patients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/20 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.20 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 28-32 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/20/17 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.20.g17 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/21 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:ART driver

Comparison of GeneXpert assay and Fluorescent Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Narowal region Amjad, Asma Ansari, Farheen Iqbal, Ahsan Ain, Qurat ul Ali, Ahsan Aziz, Sadia Yusuf, Zeeshan Tuberculosis (TB), Fluorescence microscope (FM), Sensitivity, Specificity,Light Emitting Diode (LED), GeneXpert GeneXpert is attributed as one of the latest technical means for diagnosing Tuberculosis in very short period of time. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of GeneXpert and fluorescent microscopy in the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB); To compare the sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert and fluorescent microscope in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Methods: In the present investigation, the diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB / RIF for tuberculosis was compared with the performance of light-emitting diode fluorescence microscope in TB samples from Narowal, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 299 TB positive specimens were obtained. Among these 54% (n = 160) were categorized to be obtained from male and 46% (n = 139) from female population. Data collected was distributed in 4 age groups; 0-20, 21-40, 41-60, and 61-80, in which the percentage and number of samples were found as 2% (n = 6), 60% (n = 179), 27% (n = 80) and 11% (n = 34), respectively. Results: The parameters including sensitivity and specificity calculated for GeneXpert were 73% and 100%, correspondingly, while the sensitivity and specificity calculated for LED-FM microscope were 43% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: This indicates that the GeneXpert is more sensitive in detecting MTB in comparison to LED-FM technique. The GeneXpert assay was also found to detect small number of bacillus from samples in comparison to LED-FM method CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/21 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.21 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 33-39 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/21/18 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.21.g18 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/22 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:ART driver

Attitude Regarding Dengue Vector Control Among the Community of Tehsil Sahiwal, Sargodha Aslam, Muhammad Faridi, Tallat Anwar Hameed, Sajid John, Akash Hassan, Syed Bilal Knowledge, attitude, dengue, vector control, community Dengue fever is one of the most threatening vector borne diseases, causing severe epidemics and has brought the world to take serious steps for its control and prevention. Objective: The objectives of the study are to assess the attitudes regarding dengue vector control among community of Tehsil Sahiwal, District Sargodha Methods: It was a community based and cross-sectional study in which 384 residents of Tehsil Sahiwal of District Sargodha were included. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collected through questionnaire, which was entered and statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Frequency tables were generated for all possible variables. For quantitative data like age and income, mean and standard deviation were calculated and for qualitative data like sex, education, occupation percentages were calculated. Written consent was taken from respondents.Results: Among 384 respondents, mean age was 37.35 + 11.67 years. 69.8% respondents were males. 58.1% respondents had overall good attitude and 41.9% had poor attitude. Among 207 respondents who had overall good knowledge, 199 (51.8%) had good attitude and 8 (2.1%) had poor attitude Conclusions: Study concluded that attitude regarding dengue vector control among community was found satisfactory 58.1% had overall good attitude. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/22 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.22 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 40-46 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/22/19 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.22.g19 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/23 2022-08-12T10:59:29Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Coronavirus combating facilities in Pakistan and its comparison with world Khan, Irfan Ali Rizwan, Ahmad Arif, Sarah Khan, Sikandar Ali Shah, Summeira Jabeen Ali, Karishama Zeb, Zarghuna Afridi, Pashmina Aslam, Azhar Ullah, Irfan COVID-19, pandemic, quarantine, Pakistan Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a pandemic by the start of 2020. Mortalities went on rise due to lack of understanding of disease as the symptoms varied from population to population and even within the same population. Furthermore, there were lack of facilities in hospitals to accommodate the patients as well as to treat them. Pakistan is no exception and the situation here was also worsened. Government of Pakistan started to take emergency steps and devised new policies to provide facilities to patients regarding quarantine and treatment. In this review, there is an overview of Province-wise situation in Pakistan regarding the hospitals and facilities for COVID-19 patients. Flaws in the system and a comparison with world is also discussed. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/23 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.23 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 2; 14-17 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/23/14 10.54393/mjz.v2i2.23.g14 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/24 2022-08-13T10:49:42Z mjz:ART driver

Impact Of COVID-19 Lockdown on Mental Health in Students: Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health in Students Sajjad Hussain, Rimsha Ahmed Khan, Ayesha Mustafa, Usama Rehman, Fariha Fatima, Ramish Hamza Riaz, Muhammad Fatima, Amsa Arshad, Misbah Impact, Covid-19, lockdown, mental health, students A widespread panic has been caused all around the world after the deceleration of COVID-19, as a global pandemic. A multitude of psychological complications have been reported so far which have a major effect on human beings’ mental health. Objective: The main intention of the study is to evaluate the crucial factors pertaining to the COVID-19 lockdown in COVID-19 and to have a clear comprehension of the impact related to these factors on psychological heath and overall student well-being. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study which was performed from the University of the Lahore, Pakistan. A non-probability convenient sampling methodology was utilized to select over 100 students. The participants under study were assessed via a specified questionnaire. The entire study was completed in over four months, from January to April. For the purpose of Data Analysis, SPSS 21.0 software framework was utilized. From the survey, we got to know that out of 100 students 7 of them for nearly every day felt down depressed, 44 among them felt stressed while 67 of them found having anxiety and couldn't cope with the things that they had to do. In exclusion criteria: Individual are not suffering from covid-19. Individuals below 18 years of age. On cooperative individuals. Results: In this survey we got to know that out of 100 students 7 of them for nearly every day felt down depressed, 44 among them felt stressed while 67 of them found having anxiety and couldn't cope with the things that they had to do. Conclusion: Various co- and extra-curricular activities and software applications are beneficial for to improve mental health care to some extent, most prominently in circumstances, including scenarios developed by the COVID outbreak, the subjective students involved in this study demonstrated mild to moderate affinity towards anxiety, depression, and stress. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/24 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.24 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 26-31 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/24/39 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.24.g39 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/25 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Magnitude of Sudden Infants Deaths, maternal mortality and Still Births in Pakistan Shabbir, Ayisha Asif, Hina Kabir, Mahvish SIDS, maternal mortality, sudden intra uterine death, stillbirths, Pakistan SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality is an alarming condition in low income countries like Pakistan as Pakistan is a country with highest morbidity in such cases all over the world. Although research is ongoing across the globe to reduce the burden of such devastating situation but it continues to rise in Pakistan due to some known and unknown reasons. It is recommended that the pathophysiological basis of the SIDS should be investigated by continued research. To decrease the magnitude of SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality in Pakistan numerous precautionary measures are required to be taken by NGOs, Government and policy makers. Trained healthcare professionals, midwives, traditional birth attendants should be sent to rural areas to help and increase awareness. A national center should be made on urgent basis to monitor and register such cases, provide health care facilities and guidance, make laws of compulsory investigation and autopsy of sudden death of fetus or infants and implement and enforce these laws. A databank should be made with preserved tissues of such victims for further diagnosis and research. Preventable stillbirths must be avoided by taking necessary measures. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/25 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.25 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 05-14 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/25/25 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.25.g25 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/26 2022-08-12T10:59:46Z mjz:G.Edt driver

Blind Indus Dolphin: Its Risk towards Extinction and Protective Measures Rafi, Uzma The Indus River dolphin, sometimes known as the blind dolphin, is a freshwater cetacean that is exclusively found in Pakistan's Indus River. The IUCN Red List of vulnerable species lists the Indus River dolphin as endangered due to an 80% drop in its distribution range and a habitat that has been badly disrupted by dams and degraded by water diversions. The blind dolphin is a member of one of the oldest families of cetaceans, which separated about 29 million years ago, or roughly 22 million years before the emergence of contemporary dolphins. Its eyes are little and its vision is weak. Typically, indus dolphins are observed either singly or in small groups of two to three dolphins. They can occasionally be found in bigger groups of 20 to 30 people. On the Indus mainstem, there are still five subpopulations of indus dolphins, each of which is divided by irrigation barrages. In Bear River, India, there is a tiny, isolated colony of 18 to 35 Indus River dolphins. The Indus River barrages capture the flowing water and redirect it into a vast network of irrigation canals that emerge from each barrage to meet the demand for water for agriculture. Dolphins from the Indus River frequently travel to irrigation canals using flow regulator gates that are adjusted to the barrages throughout the year. Dolphins become stuck after the canals are shut down for maintenance because of an unexpected water deficit. Since 1992, Sindh Wildlife Department and WWF-Pakistan have collaborated on a dolphin rescue initiative to carefully remove any stranded dolphins from canals and return them to the main river channel. Between 1992 and 2017, 147 dolphins were reported to be caught in canals. Of those, 130 dolphins were successfully recovered and released back into the river, while one dolphin perished in the process. Because they could not be saved. However, little is known regarding the post-release survival rate of the people that were rescued. A dolphin monitoring network has also been established by WWF-Pakistan and Sindh Wildlife Department in conjunction with pertinent stakeholders and neighborhood groups to keep an eye on the Indus River as well as its nearby canals and tributaries and to search for any dolphins that may be stranded there. One of the main risks to Indus dolphins is intensive fishing, which raises the risk of dolphin entanglement in fishing nets and, ultimately, their mortality, especially when they travel near irrigation canals. After the devastating flood of 2010, there was a noticeable rise in illegal fishing between the Guddu and Sukkur barrages. In addition, the altered fishing system in Sindh province significantly increased the number of fishing licenses granted and exacerbated the negative effects of illegal fishing on the Indus River dolphin. In 2011, the Indus River dolphin's death rate peaked with 45 dolphins being reported dead, the majority of which were found while fishing was at its busiest. Since that time, the frequencies of dolphin fatalities have significantly decreased, but they are still not entirely under control. Especially in the Indus Dolphin Game reserve between Guddu and Sukkur Barrages, saving stranded dolphins from the irrigation canals is crucial to maintaining this dolphin population during the low flow season. Standard procedures and tools, such as a soundproof truck, are required for dolphin rescue operations CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/26 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.26 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 02-02 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/26/41 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.26.g41 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/27 2022-08-12T10:59:46Z mjz:Edt driver

Cancer: The Most Feared Disease Manzoor, Farkhanda With an estimated 21 million people, Pakistan is a heavily populated, developing nation. The general population's lack of awareness, an unclean lifestyle, and unsanitary circumstances in populated regions are the main causes of Pakistan's endemic prevalence of various infectious and non-communicable diseases. Studies on the prevalence and incidence of cancer in Pakistan are extremely rare. Only Karachi and Lahore previously had cancer registers, but in 2015 the Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC) in Islamabad launched a national cancer registry. Females have a significantly higher age-standardized ratio for cancer (172/100000) than males have (145/100000). Recently, Pakistan has seen 150,000 new cases of cancer, with 60–80 percent of patients dying. In Pakistan, between 7000 and 7500 kids are diagnosed with cancer each year. In Pakistan, communicable illnesses and malnutrition are the leading causes of child mortality. Better diagnostic tools have led to cancer being a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Data readily available indicates that 10% of all cancer cases reported in 2017 were juvenile malignancies. According to Pakistan's Karachi Cancer Registry, the two most common children cancers are leukaemia (31%) and lymphomas (20%). According to data from the Punjab Cancer Registry, lymphomas (31%) are more common than leukaemia (23%) overall. The recently established PHRC National Cancer Registry has very little information available at this time that demonstrates the prevalence of children cancers. An accurate surveillance system for cancer incidence and death is absolutely necessary. Population-based cancer registries are quite rare in the nation. There ought to be more cancer registries in a nation with more than 21 million citizens. In Pakistan, the most often diagnosed cancers are head and neck carcinoma, colon, prostate, lung, breast, and liver cancers. Different malignancies have varying chances of being cured. But every malignancy requires a unique approach to treatment. Different methods of fighting cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation treatment, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted medication therapy, and cryoablation. The mechanism for gathering data needs to be improved, and the data should be pooled at the national level. Only when such data are available will it be possible for policymakers to allocate priceless healthcare resources sensibly. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/27 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.27 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 01-01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/27/40 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.27.g40 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/28 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:ART driver

Microbiological Analysis of Meat and Their Control Rafi, Uzma Mazhar, Sumaira Noureen, Saba The current study was performed in order to check the microbial load of beef and chicken collected from the retail shops of an open area and market where that is available in preserved form. Objective: To compare the microbial load between the meat of an open market area and commercially preserved meat (chicken and beef). The antibiotic resistance profile of isolated pathogens was also checked. Methods: Ten samples of each meat specie (beef and chicken) were analyzed for the presence of different pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, and pathogenic Escherichia coli mainly. The microbial load was approximately the same in beef as well as chicken. The obtained isolates were then subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing by disc diffusion method. Resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim was determined most frequently. Results: In contrast, the bacterial isolates from beef samples were rarely tested resistant or simply non-resistant as compared to that off chicken samples. The bacterial isolates from chicken samples were tested highly resistant against chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and ampicillin. Conclusion: The significant importance of our findings is resistant rate against bacterial pathogens in chicken seems to be much higher than in beef samples found in variety of environment (different localities). CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/28 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.28 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 37-44 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/28/30 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.28.g30 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/29 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:ART driver

Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metal Accumulation Pattern and Genotoxicity in Water Fowl Riaz, Muhammad Ahsan Riaz, Ayesha Rasheed, Amna Ilyas, Madiha Asif, Hina Rafi, Uzma Waterfowl spend their lives mostly on water bodies include ducks, geese, and swans, also include birds such as coots, grebes, moorhens, shorebirds and seabirds etc. Wetlands in Pakistan offer habitat to a variety of migratory birds. Bird’s diversity facing problems due to loss of natural habitat and hunting causing serious issues to bird’s territories. Objective: To investigate bioaccumulation of heavy metals and genotoxicity in waterfowl. Methods: This study investigated bioaccumulation of heavy metals and genotoxic effects that could result from exposure of waterfowl to heavy metals in the Chenab River, Punjab, Pakistan. The three different species, common teal (Anas crecca), little egret (Egretta garzetta) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were obtained from head Marala, River Chenab. The liver, kidneys, heart, muscle, blood, and feathers of birds were collected for the purpose of determining the presence of heavy metals. The study investigated the most common heavy metals Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr indicating higher concentrations of heavy metals in blood and feathers from the study site. At study sites Pb Cr, Ni concentrations were high (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The results in the current study revealed metals concentration in different species trend as Anas crecca > Egretta garzetta > Anas platyrhynchos. The deposition of heavy metals in organ trends as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. The level of metals in blood trends as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. Metal concentrations in feathers trend as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. Conclusions: Expression analysis of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 made for Egretta garzetta and genotoxicity results showed that the effect of metals in study groups found negative for the expression of the Bcl2 gene. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/29 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.29 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 30-36 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/29/28 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.29.g28 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/30 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:ART driver

Knowledge Regarding Dengue Vector Control Among the Community of Tehsil Sahiwal, Sargodha Aslam, Muhammad Faridi, Tallat Anwar Hameed, Sajid Dengue virus infection is a vector borne illness which causes epidemics and urges for serious policies and steps to devise control stretegies Objectives: The objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge regarding dengue vector control among community of Tehsil Sahiwal, District Sargodha Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in community of Tehsil Sahiwal of District Sargodha. A total of 384 residents were enrolled in this study by simple random sampling technique. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to ask knowledge related questions regarding dengue vector control program. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Tables and figures were used to present the data Results: Mean age of the respondents was 37.35 + 11.67 years, out of these 69.8% were males and remaining were females, 69.8% respondents were males, 38.1% were matric and above, 51.1% were working in private firms and 62.2% respondents had family monthly income less than 20,000 rupees. Among respondents, 53.9% had overall good knowledge and 46.1% had poor knowledge. 25.0% acquired information from television and 35.1% from health personnel counseling. Among 177 respondents who had overall poor knowledge, 24(6.3%) had good attitude and 153 (39.8%) had poor attitude. The result was found statistically significant (P=0.000) Conclusions: Knowledge of the residents regarding dengue vector control program was satisfactory (53.9%). CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/30 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.30 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 25-29 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/30/29 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.30.g29 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/31 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:ART driver

Scabies Among Health Care Workers in Sarhad Psychiatric Hospital Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afzal, Muhammad Rashid Rathore, Hamayun Faridi, Tallat Anwar Scabies, Health Care Workers, Hospital, Disease, Poor Hygiene, Skin Disease Scabies is a neglected parasitic disease but of great importance in developing countries. It is endemic in tropic and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by a mite and transmitted through skin-to-skin contact  Objective: The study will provide a better opportunity to adopt protective measures and thus reduce the disease burden in hospitalized patients Method: The aim of my study is to assess the scabies level of health care workers at Sarhad Hospital for Psychiatric diseases Peshawar regarding scabies. In our study, the respondents were doctors, Nurses, and junior clinical technicians of both sexes. Result: Rather than this, no such studies have been conducted in Pakistan. There have been some reported studies in different countries where an outbreak of scabies has been reported. Where health workers were also been affected as well as patients. Conclusion: Scabies outbreaks occur due to poor personal hygiene, poor environmental sanitation, low socioeconomic conditions, lack of basic healthcare facilities, over-crowding and illiteracy. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/31 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.31 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 21-24 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/31/27 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.31.g27 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/32 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:ART driver

Molecular Exploration of Zinc Finger BED-Type Containing 6 Gene for Growth Trait in Beetal Goat Rashid, Kanwal Javed, Maryam Zinc finger, BED-type containing 6, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), C2C12 cells Zinc finger, BED-type containing 6 (ZBED6) is a newly discovered transcription factor. It functions as a repressor of IGF2 transcription in skeletal muscle myogenesis and development. It plays a role in organism development, signaling, cell-cell contact, hepatic fibrosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and tight junction signaling cascades. Using C2C12 cells, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing revealed roughly 2,500 ZBED6 binding sites in the genome, with the inferred consensus motif matching the known binding site in Igf2. Igf2 expression, cell proliferation, wound healing, and myotube formation is all affected when Zbed6 is silenced in myoblast cells. Certain Gene Ontology categories, such as development and transcriptional control, were significantly enriched in genes related to ZBED6 binding sites. Objective: To explore the molecular expression of the ZBED6 gene  that affect the growth trait in Beetal goat Methods: The BED6 gene's functional and signaling experiments revealed that it controls growth characteristics in goats. A total of 50 blood samples were taken. DNA was extracted using an inorganic technique. Primer3 software was used to build primers for PCR amplification. On the ABI 3130XL Genet Analyzer, PCR results were sequenced bi-directionally. Results: The CHROMAS program was used to examine the sequencing findings. SNPs were discovered using sequence alignment tools such as blast 2. The bovine ZBED6 gene was found on chromosome 16, has only one exon, and encodes 980 amino acids. The genomic DNA of both cow breeds was effectively amplified in this investigation by utilizing primer pairs for the ZBED6 gene. These animals had three SNPs, including one non-coding mutation in the promoter (SNP1: 826G > A) and two missense mutations in the CDS (SNP2: 680C > G and SNP3: 1043A > G). The missense mutations p. Ala 227 Gly and p. His 3" are found in SNP2 and 3. Conclusions: Novel variations have been discovered that might be used in the selection of superior goats with higher weight increase tendencies. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/32 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.32 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 15-20 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/32/26 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.32.g26 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/33 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:G.Edt driver

Importance of Phoenix dactylefera against cardiovascular diseases Koser, Hafiza Nazia Jaffer, Hafia Madiha Basharat, Shehnai Around the world, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the leading cause of morality. By 2030, it is expected that the number of persons killed by CVDs will have risen to more than 24 million. The majority of the raw materials used in pharmaceutical preparations come from medicinal plants. They are gaining popularity as a result of their efficacy and the rising expense of contemporary drugs. Aspirin is derived from willow bark, morphine is derived from the opium poppy, quinine is derived from the cinchona bark, and digoxin is derived from the foxglove. According to the World Health Organization (WTO), 70% to 80% of people across the world rely on botanical sources to manage their illnesses. Plant sources are recommended because they include a high concentration of antioxidants and phytochemicals, which assist to prevent and handle a number of ailments. Phoenix dactylifera L., especially the Ajwa species, has the highest concentration of phytonutrients, which can help stabilize a number of cardiovascular disorders. It contains six vitamins (vitamins A, C, B1, B2, B3, and riboflavin), as well as a high amount of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and 23 amino acids, all of which help to prevent hypertension, involuntary spasms, and blood pressure regulation. Niacin (B3) has been shown to help reduce cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Since excessive cholesterol is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease, Ajwa could be an important regulating source. In addition, ajwa pulp therapy increased HDL-C levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. Another in-vivo investigation found that Ajwa preparation reduced diclofenac-induced pulmonary and hepatic disruptions. Salicylic acid, according to the research, is a vitamin-K antagonist with the ability to impede vitamin K's action along the coagulation pathway. Salicylic acid is found in dates at a concentration of 3.75 to 4.50 mg/100 g. As vitamin k has a vital role in coagulation too therefore salicylic acid exhibits anti- coagulant role too. The prominence of the given data is sufficient evidence that plants can be employed as a key source of medication development for cardiovascular disease. They have real momentum to handle the rising number of ailments, which cannot be squandered by diversion or apathy. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/33 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.33 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 02 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/33/23 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.33.g23 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/34 2022-08-12T10:59:02Z mjz:L.Edt driver

ABO Blood Group System and RH Factor Ashfaq, Farah Hayee, Sara Ahmed, Saima Blood groups RH factor blood donation There are many systems which are used to classify blood group types in man, the most common types are MN, ABO and Rh blood group systems. Among the above mentioned types, ABO blood group system is most common which is used to classify blood group types. Austrian immunologist, Karl Landsteiner was the first person to give and describe the system in 1900 [1]. This system explains four types of blood groups which include A, B, AB and O [2]. These blood groups are made on the basis of presence or absence of special proteins found on erythrocytes (red blood cells) which are known as antigens. These antigens are A and B. Antigen production in the body starts before birth of a person and remains throughout life. Antigen production is under control of two genes IA and IB. People whose blood group is A have antigen A in their red blood cells. Persons which have blood group B have antigen B in their red blood cells. AB blood group has both the antigens A and B at the same time while blood group O is due to complete absence of any antigen. In emergency condition, when blood transfusion is required, the blood groups of donor and recipients are cross matched because there can be compatibility issues which can lead to deleterious consequences as red blood cells are attacked. This is due to the production of another type of protein naturally produced in a human body known as antibody. An antibody has capability to agglutinate the antigens found on red blood cells. Thus blood transfusion is a very serious process which needs to be done vigilantly. People who have blood group AB can receive blood from any other type so they are called universal donors. Similarly people with blood group O can donate blood to all types thus are called as universal donors. This blood group is also very common in entire world particularly in people of South and Central America. Blood group B is common in Asia specially North India. Blood group A is equally common in the world specially people of Australian Aboriginal origin. It has been reported that ABO blood group types are also present in Order primates of class mammalia and also in Old World Monkeys [3]. ABO antibodies are passively obtained from mother in children well before birth. Infants of three months age start making their own antibodies. Antibody formation is due to stimulus of contact with ABO like antigenic substances naturally [4]. The second most common system to classify blood group types is Rh system [5]. This system was given by again Karl Landsteiner and A. S. Weiner in 1940. This type of system is also due to proteins present on red blood cells. Rh blood group system includes 49 defined antigens with 5 most common antigens including c, C, D and E [6]. Rh (D) is the most distinct antigen. It is main determinant of the trait. Rh positive and Rh negative are the two terms which refer only Rh (D). Antibody production due to Rh factor is a cause of hemolytic reaction in fetus and newborns. The name Rh is given due to use of blood of Rhesus monkeys to determine the  presence of Rh antigen in basic test. Rh antigen can lead to deleterious effects in a person having blood group Rh negative if both the factors come in contact due to blood transfusion [7]. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/34 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.34 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 2 Issue 1; 03-04 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v2i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/34/24 10.54393/mjz.v2i1.34.g24 Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/36 2022-08-12T10:59:46Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Desalination of Saline Water: A Review: Desalination of Saline Water Ahsan, Yusra Waheed Qurashi, Aisha Yasmeen, Roheela saline water, desalination, graphene oxide, halophilic microbes Water is the most important requirement for life that is used for different purposes such as drinking, bathing, laundry and for many other various industrial applications. Clean water is the basic need of every human being. But the fresh water availability is limited now a days. Scarcity of water and untrustworthy water quality are the most important and major problems, so to attain the best water quality, desalinization of saline water is the alternate way to get the pure water and to improve the quality of life. Sea water covered almost the 94 % of the earth’s surface and support the various commercial purposes. Saline water originates from different other sources as well such as agriculture, aquacultures and many other industries including chemical, pharmaceutical industries. Saline water contains high amount of salt concentration and other contaminants, which affects the terrestrial and aquatic both lives. Desalination of saline water, is done to eradicate minerals including salts, from saline water. Thus, the treatment of saline water for the removal of contaminants and salt from the water is the important task now a days in many countries. Many different conventional methods are used for the treating of saline water, but all these methods are costly and has limited applications for limited areas. Generally saline water is treated with the chemical and physical methods. Biological methods and nanobiotechnology are also used now a days. This review highlights the different conventional and non-conventional, nanobiotechnology based and biological based methods that are used for the water desalination. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/36 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.36 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 08-12 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/36/36 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.36.g36 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/37 2022-08-12T10:59:46Z mjz:ART driver

Efficacy Of Aloe Vera Powder in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Waste Water: Aloe Vera Powder in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Shamsher, Maleeha Tajammal, Afifa Qurashi, Aisha Waheed Rafi, Uzma Alovera leafs, wastewater, metal ions (zinc, sodium) Water is important component of life but on earth, major part of water is wasted without human consumption. The resulting scarce water conditions along with continuous pollution of existing fresh water bodies are the serious challenges in current times. Addition of Heavy metals in water results in water toxicity and pollution. The presence of heavy metals in wastewater causes toxic effects on living organisms. The removal of metals from waste water can be removed by the process of bio sorption that results in the metals absorption on the biological surfaces. Objective: Keeping in consideration, present study was aimed for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater by using aloe vera leaf powder as adsorbent. Methods: Adsorption experiments of different metals in waste water were done using different percentages of Aloe Vera powder and results were recorded in terms of change in pH of solutions. Results: Alovera present at low percentages in mixture showed less adsorption. Similarly, adsorption was found to be higher with higher alovera percentage showing decrease in pH of the mixture. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination was done for metal Zn while analysis of Na was done using flame photometric technique for adsorption of metals in waste water. Results showed that 1.4 % alovera powder has used the metal absorbent efficiency was 9.495 %. However, with addition of 4 % alovera powder, percentage efficiency was increased to 10.237 % showing positive effect of alovera powder on metal extraction. Conclusion: By flame photometry of sodium result showed that extraction efficiency was 500 % using aloe vera powder. Aloe vera plant was proved to be an excellent biomaterial for accumulating metal ions from wastewater due to its outstanding uptake capacity. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/37 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.37 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 13-18 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/37/35 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.37.g35 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/38 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Conservation, Management and Threats to Markhor population in Pakistan: An Overview: Markhor Population in Pakistan Yasmeen, Roheela Hafeez, Faheem Qurashi, Aisha Waheed Mazhar, Sumaira ., Aneeza ., Samar Ahmad, Farah Arif, Rida Nisar, Sundas Khatoon, Aansa Ijaz, Nimra Markhor, Conservation, Threats, Decline, Agencies Markhor is a national animal of Pakistan. It is present in different regions of KPK, and Balochistan, with the majority of the population in KPK particularly in Swat and Chitral district. Markhor has two sub-species that are further divided in to five types Astor Markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri), Kashmir or Pir Panjal Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis), Kabul Markhor (Capra falconeri megaceros), Suleiman Markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni), and Chiltan Markhor (Capra falconeri chialtanensis). The fifth one Chiltan Markhor is not a true Markhor and considered a crossbreed of Markhor and wild goat. These Markhor species are present in different areas of Pakistan and they differ from each other on the basis of their location and their horns. Its IUCN status is near threatened in Pakistan. The major reasons for its decline are habitat loss, illegal hunting and poaching. Although, a number of conservation programs and various national and international agencies are working for the protection of this animal such as TCP, KPK wildlife department etc. The present review highlights the importance of Markhor along with its distribution, major threats and conservation strategies adopted to protect Markhor.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/38 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.38 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 06-10 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/38/55 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.38.g55 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/40 2022-08-12T10:59:46Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Microemulsions; A Mini Review: Microemulsions; A Mini Review Aslam, Ayesha Fareed Siddiqui, Maria Microemulsions, Surfactant, Pharmaceuticals, Oil, Cosmetics The review goes into great detail about the microemulsions' characteristics, structure, kinds, theories, characterization, and applications. They may be made easily by mixing the various ingredients together without the need for special tools or circumstances. Unlike the o/w type microemulsion, which has an aqueous continuous phase and oil droplets distributed in it, the w/o type microemulsion has oil as the continuous phase and water as droplets are disseminated in it. Microemulsions are classified into four primary categories based on different phase systems, and they are often utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics sectors as well as in analytical methods. The design of medicine formulations and cosmetics may benefit from having a thorough understanding of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of microemulsions. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/40 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.40 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 03-07 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/40/37 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.40.g37 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/41 2022-09-03T11:44:27Z mjz:Edt driver

Ameliorative Potential of Antioxidants against Hypertension Manzoor, Farkhanda The most significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease is thought to be hypertension. One of the key factors behind the emergence of hypertension, oxidative stress, has attracted attention. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a part in the mechanism underlying hypertension because they are crucial to maintaining the vascular wall's equilibrium. Additionally, mechanical forces that rise with hypertension may contribute to increased ROS generation. Increased intracellular calcium concentration causes ROS-induced vasoconstriction, which contributes to the development of hypertension. Vasomotor tone depends on a precise balance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator forces that are produced by the interaction of the blood and vascular wall components. Oxidative stress can change any of these forces. These results have sparked interest in antihypertensive treatments that aim to reduce ROS production and/or boost nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. A strong water-soluble antioxidant, Vitamin C acts as an enzyme modulator on the arterial wall, increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and decreasing NADPH oxidase (NOX). Antioxidant therapy has been proven to improve vascular function and lower blood pressure in both animal models of hypertension and human hypertension [1, 2]. Vascular dilatation may benefit from vitamin C, probably due to its antioxidant effects on NO. Another important lipid-soluble antioxidant, Vitamin E, has drawn a lot of interest due to its antioxidant properties. A high dietary vitamin E intake is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and a growing body of research suggests that vitamin E can modify biological processes without affecting its antioxidant capacity. The existing experimental data demonstrates that vitamin E is capable of dose-dependently controlling the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondria which in turn shows anti-hypertensive effects [3]. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/41 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.41 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 01-01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/41/42 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.41.g42 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/42 2022-09-03T13:53:33Z mjz:ART driver

Potential Role of Sesamum Indicum L. Supplementation on Body Mass Index Among Mild to Moderate Hyperlipidemic Patients: Sesamum indicum and BMI in hyperlipidemic patients Arshad, Misbah Basharat, Shanai Bashir, Shahid Sesamum indicum, BMI, Hyperlipidemic, Patients Hyperlipidemia is the term used to describe abnormally high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. Cholesterol and triglycerides are the two main types of fat found in blood. Objectives: To investigate the therapeutic potential of Sesamum indicum L. supplementation on BMI among mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients. Methods: For the four weeks of the trial, 30 mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients between the ages of 25 and 40 were chosen. The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital in Lahore served as the source of the sample. In a hot air oven, Sesamum indicum L. seeds were roasted for 15 minutes at 200°C. After roasting, seeds were finely powdered using a professional blender. Winsgoal tidak hanya menyediakan kemudahan deposit qris, tetapi juga tersedia deposit slot idn pulsa tanpa potongan, e-wallet dan transfer bank yang tidak kalah menarik. Patients were instructed to follow a 4-week baseline diet regimen and take a daily supplement of 40 mg of Sesamum indicum L. Data on anthropometric measurements, lipid profile biochemical analysis, BMI and nutritional intake were gathered. Results: The mean age of the hyperlipidemic study participants was 32.66 years, with an SD of 4.89 years. The mean weight of study participants before and after therapy were 75.2 ± 1.31 and 73.5 ± 1.10 with a significant difference of 1.7. A striking difference (24%) in the obesity rate between pre and post-treatment was observed. Conclusions: A significant difference in BMI and obesity was observed upon administration of Sesamum indicum seeds in hyperlipidemic patients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/42 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.42 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 1 Issue 2; 32-35 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v1i2 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/42/43 10.54393/mjz.v1i2.42.g43 Copyright (c) 2020 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/43 2022-09-09T12:18:34Z mjz:ART driver

Invitro Study on the Combined Effects of Natural Ingredients and Antimicrobial Drugs as Novel Anti Biofilm Approach: A Novel Anti Biofilm Approach Kehkashan, . Ashraf, Aqeela Chaudhry, Afeefa Yasmeen, Roheela Biofilms, Antibiotics, Natural ingredients, Microorganism Biofilm forming bacteria stick to one another or to the different surfaces or interface. Biofilm formation is not a good thing in many ways as they go with low metabolic rate and passed with less number of cell divisions. Objective: To find some novel anti-biofilm approaches against biofilms. Methods: Soil and water samples were collected from four sites. Soil samples were collected from agricultural land and road side of Hudiara village, Lahore, Pakistan. However, water samples were collected from BRB canal which is situated in village Barki and from tube well of village Hudiara located in Lahore district Punjab, Pakistan. For biochemical identification of isolates different types of biochemical tests such as MR, VP, SIM (motility), H2S, catalase, Indole and nitrate reduction were performed. Results: Some antibiotics and their combinations with different other antibiotics were checked and it was noticed the overall effects of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms have positive effects except disprin and Levofloxacin. While, Ciprofloxacin was found as an effective antibiotic. Combination of ciprofloxacin and disprin was used in order to remove the biofilm and it worked well to remove the biofilm. Conclusions: Different antimicrobial medications, all-natural compounds, and combinations of various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin-disprin, clarithromycin-moxifloxacin, and certain all-natural ingredients like honey, ginger, and lemon juice, were utilized to remove bacterial biofilms. Thus, it can be said that most of the combinations produced better biofilm removal outcomes than the individual elements did. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/43 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.43 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 19-24 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/43/44 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.43.g44 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/44 2022-11-10T10:35:09Z mjz:ART driver

Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera Tea Leaves and Seeds Extracts Prepared in Chloroform against E. coli Isolated from Ostrich Feces: Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera Tea Leaves and Seeds Extracts Rafi, Uzma Majid, Masoom Yasmeen, Roheela Shazia Bokhari, Syeda Moringa oleifera, Tea leaves, Seed, Extract Ostrich farming is an important growing industry in Pakistan. Its business and importance is growing day by day. However, prevalence of bacteria is major threat to ostrich industry. Objective: To identify the dominant bacteria in the feces of ostriches. Methods: The ostrich that was kept in captivity at the W.A. Apparel factory provided the fecal samples. The samples were inoculated on EMB for the isolation of E. coli. Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and tea leaves with the use of chloroform as a solvent. The antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli using disc diffusion method. Amoxicillin and erythromycin were used as a control antibiotics. Results: It was noticed that tea extract did not show any antimicrobial activity against E. coli. However, Moringa oleifera seeds were effective against E. coli. Conclusion: It was concluded that Moringa oleifera seeds have the potential to work against E. coli. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/44 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.44 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 29-32 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/44/46 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.44.g46 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/45 2022-11-10T10:47:15Z mjz:ART driver

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Seed and Tea Leaves Extracts Prepared in Chloroform against Shigella strains Isolated from Ostrich Feces: Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera Tea Leaves and Seeds Extracts against Shigella strains Majid, Masoom Rafi, Uzma Yasmeen, Roheela Shazia Bokhari, Syeda Shehzad Muzammil, Hafiz Moringa oleifera, Tea leaves, Seed, Extract, Shigella Shigella is the most common cause of the endemic form of shigellosis. The presence of bacteria such as Shigella is major threat to ostrich industry. Objective: To look for the presence of Shigella in Ostrich feces. Methods: The feces were collected from captive ostriches at the W.A Apparel factory. Shigella were isolated after the samples were inoculated on SS agar. The antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seeds and tea leaves was investigated. Antimicrobial activity against Shigella isolated from ostrich feces was tested. Results: It was noticed that tea extract lacked antimicrobial activity against tested species. Moringa oleifera seeds, on the other hand, were effective against Shigella. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera seeds have been found to show inhibitive effect and are effective against Shigella CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/45 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.45 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 25-28 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/45/45 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.45.g45 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/46 2022-11-10T10:57:47Z mjz:ART driver

Production of Milk Clotting Aspartic Protease from Bacterial Species Isolated from Dumping Site of Mehmood Booti, Lahore: Production of Aspartic Protease from Bacterial Species Ghafoor, Kanwal Majeed, Tanveer Aspartic Protease, Casein, Milk Clotting, Isolation Food and dairy industries play a very important role in the economy of every country.  Aspartic proteases are important enzyme of dairy industry and is used in cheese making. Previously main sources of protease enzyme were plants, animal or fungi, but due to increased demand globally they are now mostly isolated from bacteria. Objectives: To isolate the milk clotting bacteria from the soil collected from dumping site of Mehmood Booti and produce aspartic protease from them. Methods: Soil sample was collected from Mahmood Booti dumping site near ring road, Lahore. After serial dilutions, sample was inoculated on nutrient agar plates. After 24 hours at 37°C temperature, opaque, round and cream-colored colonies were observed which were sub cultured in LB agar. From there colonies were grown on selective medium made of K2HPO4, (NH4)2 HPO4, casein, MgCl2, yeast extract and agar. After incubation, a colony with clear zone was selected and grown in LB broth for enzyme production. After incubation, broth was centrifuged and supernatant was isolated. While performing protease assay, 3 mL of 5% TCA was added in the mixture. Results: The mixture remained clear which depicted the hydrolysis of casein by protease. Winsgoal adalah situs raja slot gacor hari ini terbaik yang terdaftar sebagai salah satu platform judi slot online terpercaya di indonesia semenjak tahun 2010. While the test tube containing water as blank showed precipitation of casein after the addition of TCA because in this enzyme was not present. Conclusions: This shows that the isolated bacteria had the ability to produce protease which was evident from the protease activity assay and that such bacteria are abundant in dumping site CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/46 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.46 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); Volume 3 Issue 1; 33-37 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/46/47 10.54393/mjz.v3i1.46.g47 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/49 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Human monkeypox's Evolving Epidemiology: Is it a Threat? Human Monkeypox and Evolving Epidemiology Hassan, Farooq Amjed Ismail, Muhammad Khan Niazi, Madiha Monkeypox, Outbreak, Public health, Infectious Disease, Vaccination Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease that is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Poxviridae family. Avoid close contact with animals, whether they are living or dead, especially in endemic areas where this could be a source of infection transmission to healthy people. Separate sick people from those who might be contaminated. Frontline medical staff should be instructed and trained to rigorously adhere to traditional safety practices when dealing with verified or suspected cases. At the nation's entry and exit points, vaccination booths should be placed in order to stop the global spread of this contagious disease. Through extensive public awareness initiatives, people should be informed about sickness prevention, risk factors, and treatments. The public health departments of every nation should be alert for any signs that someone may be suffering from an unusual rash. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/49 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.49 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 02-05 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/49/50 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.49.g50 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/50 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:ART driver

Street Vended Juices as A Risk Factor of Microbial Diseases in District Mardan, Pakistan: Street Vended Juices as A Risk Factor of Microbial Diseases Waheed Qureshi, Asma Tila, Hadia Street Vended Food, Microbial Contamination, Mardan, Pakistan In public spaces like streets and other outdoor areas, merchants prepare and sell foods and drinks for sale. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 2.5 million individuals eat street food every day. Objective: To study the assessment of microbial contamination of juices vended in streets in District Mardan of Pakistan. Methods: 315 samples comprising juices of sugarcane, pomegranate, jaggery, plum, mango, banana and apples were aseptically collected from three Tehsils of district Mardan including Katlang, Takht Bhai and Mardan. Results: Analysis of the samples revealed that 96% of juices had high loads of bacterial pathogens such as Coliforms (96.82%), Staphylococcus (81.90%), Salmonella (64.76%). In Tehsil Katlang and Takht Bhai all collected samples were contaminated while in Mardan Tehsil 87.6% bacterial contamination was observed. Very high number of coliforms were observed in sugarcane, apple juices and Jaggery, Salmonella counts were highest 21.05x102 cfu/ml in Jagerry and Staphylococcus growth was highest in sugarcane 1.22x103 cfu/ml. Conclusions: It was noted that coliforms contamination is significantly higher as compared to other two bacteria indicating sewage water mixing in water used for preparation or handling of these juices. To prevent future food-borne infections, it is advised that frequent inspection of the quality of juices sold on the street be done. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/50 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.50 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 11-15 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/50/51 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.50.g51 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/51 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:cmntry driver

Monkey Pox: Health Care System in Pakistan: Monkey Pox: Health Care System in Pakistan Faridi, Tallat Anwar Zoonotic Viruses, Monkey Pox, Epidemic, COVID-19, Mortality The Zoonotic viruses have been a threat to the health care systems in all around the globe. The spread was pandemic with high mortality and morbidity rates [1]. The zoonotic viruses like small pox and monkey pox is included in orthopox genus of poxviridae family and is public health concern all around the world. The newly emerging zoonotic diseases have the potential to cause epidemics and have high mortality, have long been a threat to the security of global health [2, 3]. Prior to 2003, the first human monkey pox case around the Africa was identified and the monkey pox was endemic to nations such as western and central African. There has been a lot of upheaval recently because to the monkey pox outbreak that has affected 18 non-African nations, totaling 103 sure diseases cases and about 106 cases who had a little suspicion or early signs related [4, 5]. The worldwide epidemic of this illness has shown no fatalities have been recorded yet. Following a warning from the World Health Organization regarding an increase in cases of monkey pox in non-endemic nations, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Pakistan’s health authority, issued a warning to provincial and national health organizations advising them to intensify surveillance of the occurrence [3, 6]. Pakistan now is attempting to deal with the COVID-19 difficulties in this dire political and economic scenario. Another health and economic catastrophe rose in the next days as a result of the brittle healthcare system, inability to prevent fatal illnesses, and lack of resources [7]. A sensitive people are more vulnerable to subsequent epidemic cycles because of the ecological void left by the rising number of people lacking poxvirus protection after the smallpox vaccination programme was discontinued. In light of these challenges, Pakistan must make proactive plans in advance to prevent any disastrous events. The smallpox vaccine has historically demonstrated cross-protective immunity against monkey pox; however, Pakistan stopped administering the smallpox vaccine after the WHO proclaimed the globe free of the disease in 1980. Given that there are presently no monkey pox diagnostic tests accessible in Pakistan, the likelihood of an epidemic is even more concerning [8]. As a result, urgent action is required to stop the spread of the monkey pox virus [9]. The monkey pox infection spreads slowly as compared to Covid and requires the isolation and immunization to health care professionals before and after the exposure. No stigma should be attached to the distribution of health advice. The medical and allied professionals in the clinical practice may interact with suspected or confirmed case of monkey pox and advised to practice a maintained distance and limitation in contact, including proper maintained handling of all equipment and other things like contaminated syringes, garbage, and clothing. The disinfection of the surfaces of equipment and surrounding should be performed [10]. Public health emergency and control teams should be constituted as soon as the existence of a disease in the nation is confirmed in order to oversee and coordinate the response. Surveillance should involve an active search rather than depending on medical personnel's passive disease reporting. Monkey pox case identification and increased surveillance are crucial tools for comprehending the dynamic epidemiology of this emerging disease [11, 12]. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/51 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.51 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 29-30 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/51/54 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.51.g54 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/53 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:ART driver

Antimicrobial Activity of Moringa oleifera Tea Leaves and Seeds Concentrated in Di Ethanol against E. coli Isolated from Ostrich Feces: Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera Tea Leaves and Seeds Extracts Rafi, Uzma Majid, Masoom Yasmeen, Roheela Shazia Bokhari, Syeda Moringa oleifera, Tea leaves, Seeds, E. coli, Ostrich Ostriches are frequently infected with viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases. This disease does not require airborne transmission and does not involve the respiratory system. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera tea leaves and seed against bacteria in Ostrich feces. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from captive ostriches at the W.A Apparel factory. E. coli was isolated after the samples were inoculated on EMB. The antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seeds and tea leaves was investigated. The antimicrobial activity of Ostrich feces was tested against E. coli. Results: The results showed that tea extract had no antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Moringa oleifera seeds extract prepared in ethanol on the other hand, were effective against E. coli. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera seeds (di ethanolic extract) have the potential to be effective against E. coli. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/53 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.53 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 25-28 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/53/56 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.53.g56 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/54 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:ART driver

Study of Various Ectoparasites from Sperata Sarwari (Singharee) Obtained from Various Areas of Lahore, Pakistan: Ectoparasites From Sperata sarwari (Singharee) Obtained From Lahore Batool, Tahira Abdul Latif, Asma Sarwar, Sadia Sperata sarwari, Body Length, Body Weight, Lernaea, Prevalence Singhari Sperata sarwari is an Indus catfish (family Bagridae) present in Pakistan and Indus drainage system in India. Objective: To check the Prevalence of ectoparasites on Singhari (Sperata sarwari) fish. Methods: A sample of 30 specimens of a freshwater catfish, Sperata sarwari was collected from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan, during December 2017 to May 2018. Total 30 fish were examined for ectoparasites. Out of 30 fish, only 08 were diseased with Lernaea. Results: The total prevalence of Lernaea was 26.66%. Lernaea had highest prevalence (37.5%) in 1000-1200g body weight of fish group, while it was lowest (16.66%) in 100-300g body weight fish group. Lernaea showed highest prevalence (33.33%) in fish length group of 66-85cm, while the least prevalence (14.28%) existed in 25-45cm fish length group. It was also observed that Lernaea showed seasonal variations and it was maximum in winter, (33.33%) in January and minimum in spring and summer (20%) in March and (0%) in April. Conclusions: The results indicated that Singhari fish with more weight and long length had more prevalence of infection as compared to less weight and shorter length. This could be due to access of greater area available to parasites for anchoring and hiding on the large sized fish. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/54 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.54 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 16-19 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/54/52 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.54.g52 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/55 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:Edt driver

Medical Importance of Insects Sheikh, Nadeem Around the globe, human societies have employed insects and the compounds collected from them as a source of therapeutic resources. These creatures have not only been used medically, but also mystically and magically in a variety of civilizations to cure various diseases. For pharmaceutical study, insects seem to be an almost limitless resource. Medicinal potential of insects makes a substantial contribution to the debate over biodiversity preservation. Bee venom treatment is common in conventional medicine to cure ailments including rheumatism, arthritis, discomfort, malignant tumors, and skin. Several peptides with a range of medicinal benefits are present in bee venom including Melittin, apamin, ado lapin, the mast cell degranulating peptide, enzymes (phospolipase-A2) and amines including histamine and adrenaline. Melittin and phospolipase-A2 may be used to treat cancer cells, which can include leukemia and cancer cells of the kidney, liver, prostate, lung, and mammary gland. Bee venom may cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, according to a recent study by Moon et al. In rheumatoid synovial cells, bee venom promotes apoptosis by decreasing the expression of BCL2 and increasing the expression of BAX and caspase-3. In synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis patients, bee venom causes apoptosis by activating caspase-3 [1]. Human immunodeficiency virus can be eliminated by a toxin present in bee venom (HIV). Melittin, which surrounds the HIV virus among other viruses, is present in bee venom. Nanoparticles in this melittin are abundant and target a crucial component of the virus' structure. For use in upcoming clinical studies, nanoparticles are simple to produce in large numbers [2]. Maggot treatment is a kind of biotherapy that includes injecting live, sterilized maggots (fly larvae) into the nonhealing skin and soft tissue wounds of a person or an animal in order to debride the wound of necrotic (dead) tissue and disinfect it. Maggot treatment has been shown to aid in wound healing. The Pseudomyrmex sp. often known as the samsum ant, is a species of South American tree ant. Its venom has a wide range of therapeutic benefits, including the treatment of hepatitis and the protection of the liver [3]. The utilization of insects as a natural product has the potential to provide a treatment that is effective in both treating and preventing illnesses. Development of insects as significant new alternative medicines has advanced significantly in recent years. Since insects are very diverse and have long used a wide variety of natural chemicals to adapt to environmental changes, this is an intriguing and quickly growing new field to study in medicine CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/55 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.55 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 01-01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/55/48 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.55.g48 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/56 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:ART driver

Characterization of Vomeronasal Receptor Class 2 in Danio rerio: Characterization of V2R genes in Danio rerio Zahra, Sabeen V2R, Danio rerio, Genes, Vomeronasal Receptor Class 2, Zebra Fish The best three distinct families of putative pheromone receptors have been identified in the vomeronasal organ (V1Rs, V2Rs and V3Rs). All are G protein-coupled receptors but are only distantly related to the receptors of the main olfactory system, highlighting their different role. Objective: To characterize the Vomeronasal receptor 2 gene family in Zebra Fish (Danio rerio). Methods: Extensive survey was done to choose top V2R genes. Different software and tools were used to characterize those genes including Eggnog 2.0, MAFFT, ITOL, Weblogo and SOSUI Signal. Results: In order to get insights into this gene family in Zebra fish, we performed an extensive survey of V2R derived datasets. We identified 62 genes distributed among Danio rerio encoding putative vomeronasal proteins. V2R gene family was found to be highly conserved in this study by using Weblogo. It evolved at the level of eukaryotes. The V2R is involved mainly in olfaction. Conclusions: The basic repertoire of V2R genes seems to be larger for most of the species including Danio rerio and gene duplication still plays a role in lineage-specific increases in diversity. V2R gene family is very ancient, has high duplicability suggesting its essentiality. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/56 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.56 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 20-24 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/56/57 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.56.g57 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/57 2023-06-14T11:20:32Z mjz:ART driver

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance of Clinical Isolates against Various Antibiotics: Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance Abbas, Ansar Sarwar, Sadia Antibiotic Susceptibility, Resistance, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus Antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial infections, but their overuse and misuse have led to the development of antibiotic resistance. Objective: To evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of clinical isolates against various antibiotics. Methods: A total of 1000 clinical isolates were collected from patients at the Fatima Memorial Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Identification of bacteria was performed using conventional culture and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with 26 commercial antibiotic discs, including amikacin, amoxycillin, ampicillin, and others. Results: The study found that the most common Gram-positive isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (40.0%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (5.0%). The most effective antibiotics against these isolates were amikacin, cefotaxime, and meropenem. In contrast, high levels of resistance were observed against commonly prescribed antibiotics, including amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cefixime. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to promote appropriate antibiotic use and to monitor antibiotic resistance patterns to combat the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/57 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.57 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-Dec 2022); 29-32 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v3i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/57/58 10.54393/mjz.v3i02.57.g58 Copyright (c) 2022 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/60 2023-12-29T11:15:33Z mjz:ART driver

Population and Distribution of Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in Lamtang National Park of the Nepal Himalaya: Hemitragus jemlahicus in Lamtang National Park of the Nepal Himalaya Dhakal, Pravat Sharma, Ranjit Kumar Rajak, Birat Raj Pandey, Naresh Khanal, Laxman Habitat, Himalayan Tahr, Lamtang Valley, Prey Base, Predators The Himalayan ecosystems, which are among the least studied mountain ecosystems, face threats and habitat degradation due to unplanned development, natural calamities, and overgrazing. Ungulates like  Himalayan tahrs (Hemitragus jemlahicus), play a crucial role in mountain ecology as it forms the major prey base of the top predators of mountain ecosystems. Objective: To explore the population status, distribution, and habitat uses of Himalayan tahrs in Lamtang National Park (LNP), Central Nepal by line transect method during May 2022. Methods: Total 20 transects each of about 500 m length were established randomly along the Lamtang River at different elevations from 3100m to 4300m and Himalayan tahrs were observed. Results: A total of 154 Himalayan tahrs were recorded from 9 herds that accounted for an average herd size of 17.1 ± 5.77 individuals. The elevational distribution of the herds ranged between 3107 m and 4200 m asl. Their preferred habitat was rocky cliffs, with grasslands, shrublands, and rhododendron-fir-mixed forests being utilized to a lesser extent. The tahrs predominantly inhabited rugged terrain on south-facing slopes, prioritizing it over other available habitats. Conclusions: The demographic indices of the Himalayan tahrs in the LNP show a remarkable decline when compared with the previous studies in the same area in 1976 and 2006. Therefore, conservation and management initiatives of the Himalayan tahrs are urgently needed in the LNP CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/60 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.60 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 02-10 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/60/60 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.60.g60 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/61 2023-12-29T11:15:33Z mjz:Edt driver

The Role of Protected Areas in Safeguarding Markhor Populations Mehboob, Riffat Protected areas have long been recognized as vital tools in preserving biodiversity and safeguarding endangered species. In the case of the majestic markhor, a species of wild goat found in the mountainous regions of Pakistan and neighboring countries, protected areas play a crucial role in ensuring the survival and recovery of their populations. These designated regions provide a sanctuary where markhors can thrive, free from human disturbances and threats. Understanding and strengthening the role of protected areas is essential for securing the future of markhor populations. Protected areas offer numerous benefits for markhor conservation. Firstly, these areas provide critical habitats that meet the specific needs of markhors, including suitable vegetation, adequate food sources, and safe breeding grounds. By designating protected areas, we can create an environment where markhors can engage in natural behaviors and maintain healthy population dynamics. Secondly, protected areas act as a shield against human activities that pose a threat to markhors, such as habitat destruction, illegal hunting, and human-wildlife conflicts. Strict regulations and enforcement within these areas deter poaching and ensure the security of markhor populations. By mitigating these anthropogenic pressures, protected areas offer a refuge for markhors to flourish and recover their numbers. Furthermore, protected areas provide opportunities for scientific research, monitoring, and conservation initiatives. Through ongoing studies, researchers can gain valuable insights into markhor behavior, population dynamics, and habitat requirements. This knowledge informs evidence-based conservation strategies, guiding efforts to ensure the long-term survival of markhors and their ecosystems. However, it is important to recognize that protected areas alone cannot guarantee the conservation of markhor populations. Effective management plans, community engagement, and collaboration between government agencies, local communities, and conservation organizations are crucial. Engaging local communities in conservation efforts can foster a sense of ownership, encourage sustainable practices, and mitigate conflicts between humans and markhors. Protected areas play a pivotal role in safeguarding markhor populations by providing them with secure habitats, protection from threats, and opportunities for scientific research and conservation initiatives. However, the success of markhor conservation relies on comprehensive management plans, community involvement, and collaborative efforts. By recognizing the significance of protected areas and strengthening their management, we can ensure the preservation of this magnificent species for generations to come. The markhor's survival is not only a testament to the effectiveness of protected areas but also a symbol of our commitment to protecting the world's biodiversity and natural heritage. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/61 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.61 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/61/59 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.61.g59 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/62 2023-12-29T11:15:33Z mjz:ART driver

Evaluation of Cardiac Profile in CCl4 Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats: Cardiac Profiling in CCl4 Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats Murtaza, Sania Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Khalil Cardiac Profile, CCl4, Toxicity, Albino Rats The use of consumer and fumigant products like CCl4 has been phased down, leaving only industrial usage. It is extremely harmful to one's health. It's also one of the most toxic substances in vital organs like the lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, and brain. Objective: To evaluate the cardiac profile in CCl4-induced toxicity in albino rats. Methods: The research was conducted at animal home of Department of Zoology, University of Okara. The targeted victims were albino rats. There were two types of groups created: control group and experimental group. The rats were fed 30 percent diluted carbon tetrachloride with normal saline as a control group to see if it had an adverse effect on their cardiac profile. A 12-day trek was used to accomplish this. After 12 days, samples were taken or dissected to assess serum Creatine Kinase (CPK), (CK-MB), and (LDH). The samples were analyzed by a machine called Micro-Lab 300 after they were taken by puncturing the Rats' hearts. Results: Abnormal increased level for Creatine Kinase (CPK) (199.20 ± 1.93) was observed after the administration of CCl4 compared to normal control (71.60 ± 4.04). When CCl4 was injected, the level of CK-MB was abnormally high (34.00 ± 1.21) compared to the normal control (16.00± .84). The level of LDH increased abnormally (291.60 ± 5.01) when CCl4 was given, compared to the normal control (250.20± 2.16). Conclusions: The levels of Creatine Kinase (CPK), CK-MB, and LDH were found to be greater than normal, showing that CCl4 is hazardous to rats cardiac profile. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/62 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.62 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 11-15 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/62/61 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.62.g61 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/63 2023-12-29T11:15:33Z mjz:ART driver

Teratogenic Effects of Lead in the Developing Chick Embryos: Teratogenic Effects of Lead in the Developing Chick Embryos Shafiq, Aqsa Mahnoor, . Fahad Baig, Mirza Fatima, Yashal Haer, Arooj Parveen, Shakila Tariq, Muhammad Akram Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Khalil Micromelia, Amelia, Embryotoxicity, Microcephaly, Teratogenicity, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification Lead (heavy metal) can be found in trace levels in the crust of the planet. It may be harmful to both human and animals' health. Nearly all body's organs and systems can be affected by lead and mainly found in smelting and mining areas.  Objective: To estimate the effect of lead on chick embryos at morphologic, morphometric, and histological levels and to study the toxic effects of lead in developing chick embryos Methods: Fertilized eggs were separated into three groups. Two groups were treated with varying concentrations of lead as experimental groups, untreated designated as control group. The dose was administered on the fourth day of incubation, and recovery occurred on the ninth day. Results: Significant differences (p<0.000) and (p<0.001) in CR length, body weight, head size, eye circumference, forelimb and hindlimb were reported. Morphological abnormalities such as hydrocephaly, microcephaly, beak shortening, agenesis, Amelia, micromelia, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and kyphosis were seen. It also revealed various abnormalities in important organs such as irregular cerebral folia, necrotic intestine, and hemorrhages in bursa fabricious. Lead has been shown in various combinations to cause embryotoxicity and teratological effects in chick embryos. Conclusions: Lead is a harmful pollutant and may be responsible for various developmental anomalies in livings beings including animals and humans. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/63 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.63 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 16-20 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/63/62 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.63.g62 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/66 2023-12-29T11:15:33Z mjz:ART driver

A Study on Association of Stress Related Problems with Gastrointestinal Disorders in University Students: Association of Stress Related Problems with GIT Disorders Ashfaq, Farah Hayee, Sara Wali Muhammad, Shahida Bint-e-Zainab, . Stress-related Problems, GIT Disorders, Anxiety, GIT Motility Psychological stress may lead to different physiological problems in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Objective: To study the association of stress with gastrointestinal (GIT) disorders as stress has been found to play a key role in the pathophysiology of the human body. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 300 female students from different departments of Lahore College for Women University, was done. The females were categorized into two groups. Group A (n= 111) comprises females of age between 15 to 20 years. Group B of age group between 21 to 28 years including 189 females (n= 189). Demographic measurements such as weight, height and BMI were taken of all subjects. Stress, bloating, acidity in the stomach, iron supplements and intake of junk food was reported via questionnaire. All the data were collected and analyzed. Results: The mean age± SD of group A was (18.80± 1.40013) and the mean age ± SD of group B was (22.42 ± 1.447). In group A, 77% of females take stress and in group B, 82% of females take stress out of 111 with (p< 0.001). 16% of females feel bloating in the stomach in group A and 23% of females in group B with (p<0.002). 36% of females feel acidity in group A and 49% in group B with (p<0.002). 70% of females take junk food regularly in group A and 71% in group B with (p<0.001). Conclusions: The percentage of stress and GIT problems was slightly higher in the larger age group. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/66 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.66 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 21-26 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/66/64 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.66.g64 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/67 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Effects of Reproductive Hormones in Dairy Farm Animals: Reproductive Hormones in Dairy Farm Animals Javed, Maria Mazhar, Maham Hayat, Sikandar Abbas Tahir, Muhammad Asif Reproductive Hormones, Oxytocin, Progesterone, Prostaglandin, Cattle, Sheep Reproductive hormones are utilized in the dairy industry all over the world to improve reproductive effectiveness and, as a result, dairy cow lifespan. The management system of a farm, especially the sort of calving pattern adopted, appears to be a major determinant of variation between countries. The use of pharmaceutical goods like reproductive hormones and antibiotics in animal husbandry, notably dairy production, has been investigated in the recent decade. Consumer concern about food safety, as well as examples of pharmaceutical product misuse, has led to widespread suspicion about using antimicrobials and hormones in industrial agriculture. Hormones aren't involved in the development of resistant bacteria, yet customers are concerned about hormone residues in animal products. One of the most significant aspects of public perception in dairy farming is food safety. Despite their lack of fundamental understanding of the dairy sector, the public is concerned about using reproductive hormones in modern farming, despite the dearth of information regarding their detrimental consequences. On dairy farmed animals, we looked at the effects of oxytocin, progesterone, and prostaglandin. These reproductive hormones are used in milking animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats to boost milk production, reproductive rate, and developmental processes.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/67 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.67 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 18-26 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/67/66 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.67.g66 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/68 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:ART driver

Growth Enhancement in Labeo rohita by replacing Conventional feed with Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera) Powder: Growth Enhancement in Labeo rohita Nawaz, Muhammad Ayyoub Tanvir, Muhammad Ammar, Muhammad Majid khan, Abdul Imran, Muhammad Rehman, Iqra Fish Biomass Conventional Food Total Length Fork Length Moringa oleifera Labeo rohita Aquaculture enhancement is the need of time to encounter the food demand of the tremendously increasing population. Conventional animals and plants are equally important for human consumption, so examination of other little-researched nutritious plants such as Moringa oleifera (Lam) is necessary as an alternative source of aquaculture food protein that may be cost-effective. Objectives: To investigate the growth response of Labeo rohita species with the addition of M. oleifera leaves in conventional food and assessment of economic return and prospects to increase the farmer’s income. Methods: The current study was planned to observe the growth response and biomass production in Labeo rohita (Rohu) with increased economic returns while feeding at different doses of MOL (i-e. 0%, 10%, and 20% inclusion in conventional feed using MOL). The present study was designed in earthen ponds at Wains Agricultural Farm, UC-52, Shah Sadiq Nehang, Shorkot tehsil, Jhang district, Pakistan for 10 weeks (February to April 2018). Results: It was observed that a 10% inclusion of MOL powder in conventional fishmeal produce batter biomass as compared to other doses. At the end of the 10th week, L. rohita produced 65.16 g body weight with 10% inclusion whereas a 63.20 g increase was observed with a conventional diet. Conclusions: It was inferred that aggregate saving was about 13% when fish was fed with MOL powder diet. Thus, the present study proved a cost-effective approach for fish farming in developing countries like Pakistan.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/68 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.68 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 27-32 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/68/71 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.68.g71 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/69 2023-12-29T11:15:33Z mjz:ART driver

Body Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Carps under the Influence of Ammonium Nitrate and Feed Supplementation: Body composition and fatty acid profile of carps Ramzan, Javaria Abbas Tahir, Muhammad Asif Khan, Rimsha Kulachi, Sumaira Mahmood, Sajid Hayat , Sikandar Carps, Body Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, Maize Gluten, Ammonium Nitrate Aquaculture plays a significant role in the food requirements of an increasing population. Fertilization, composition of diet and its feeding rates affect the fish meat quality. Objectives: To observe the body composition and fatty acid profile of carps towards rice polish and maize gluten supplementation in ammonium nitrate fertilized ponds. Methods: Two earthen ponds containing total 55 fishes were selected with each pond stocked with Rohu (Labeo rohita), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) at the final ratio of 2:1:1 respectively. Ammonium nitrate and rice polish was the feed in pond 1 while ammonium nitrate and maize gluten were the feed in pond 2. Results: Proximate analysis of fish meat samples showed that Labeo rohita showed maximum moisture contents in P1 (78.51%) and minimum in P2 (77.27%) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Maximum crude protein was recorded as (17.93%) in L. rohita, under P2 whereas minimum crude protein was observed in P1 (16.81%) in L. rohita. C. mrigala remained well-known with minimum fat contents (1.71%) in P2 but maximum (1.96) in Labeo rohita in P2. H. molitrix gave the major ash contents of (1.85%) in P1 as compared to other experimental fish species. Highest position of carbohydrate contents in P1 was occupied by H. molitrix. The most abundant fatty acids recovered were monounsaturated fatty acids (37%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (33%) and saturated fatty acids (29%). Conclusions: The body composition and fatty acid profile of carps varies depending upon their diet and feeding rate. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/69 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.69 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 27-31 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/69/67 10.54393/mjz.v4i01.69.g67 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/70 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Microbial and Parasitic Infection in Fish: Microbial and Parasitic Infection in Fish Kanwal, Saira Noureen, Asma Hayat , Sikandar Tahir, Muhammad Asif Abbas Mahmood, Sajid Suleman, Shahid Parasitic Infections Bacterial Infections Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Control Major concerns in the fisheries business are parasitic fish and bacterial infections. When it comes to aquatic life microbes are a regular occurrence. The majority of microbes are naturally occurring in water. Because of poor environmental conditions, limited nutrition, and inefficient fish husbandry practices, they only cause diseases. Some microbial infections occur in fresh water fish (Pseudomonas infection, Acinetobacter infections, bacterial gill diseases), in marine water (Vibriosis, Tenacibaculosis, streptococcal infections, bacterial skin diseases) and in brackish water (Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSID, Lymphocystis disease (LCD). All these infections affect fish differently. Parasitic illnesses can cause epidemics in fish that are overcrowded or under other unnatural situations. A large number of fish species have been severely impacted by parasite and bacterial species. Some parasitic infections of fresh water are Renal Sphaerosporosis, due to leeches and nematodes, isopods and Gill Monogeneans; in amarine water are Microsporidiosis, Cryptocaryonosis and Brooklynelliosis and in brackish water are Diplostomum spathaceum metacercarial infections. Some preventive actions are done to control this problem. In this review there is a complete detail about parasite and bacterial infections and how they can be prevented.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/70 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.70 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 02-11 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/70/69 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.70.g69 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/71 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:ART driver

Influence of Different Levels of Cyanazine on Blood Picture of Labeo rohita : Cyanazine on Blood Picture of Labeo rohita Ayesha, Sidra Hayat , Sikandar Alyas, Sobia Mahmood, Sajid Tahir, Muhammad Asif Abbas Suleman, Shahid Fish Labeo rohita Hematological Effects Cyanazine The freshwater fish Labeo rohita is found in Asian countries and around the world. Cyanazine herbicide produce extensive threat to freshwater fishes and used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Subsequently, freshwater ecosystem was facing potential risk due to extensive application of this herbicide. Objective: To find the toxic effects of cyanazine on hematological parameters of Labeo rohita. Methods: For this purpose, fish was divided into four groups. Ten fish were introduced into each group. The group 1 was taken as control group. The group 2, 3 and 4 were treated groups and exposed to different concentration of cyanazine 3µgL-1, 6µgL-1 and 8µgL-1 respectively. Results: The current study showed that WBC, RBC, HGB and HCT increased while the MCV, MCH, MCHC and PLT decreased significantly. Conclusions: Hematological parameters of L. rohita were significantly affected by exposure to Cyanazine. These alterations indicate that Cyanazine can potentially disrupt the fish's hematological balance, which could have implications for its overall healt CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/71 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.71 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 33-38 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/71/72 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.71.g72 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/72 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:ART driver

Chrysomya rufifacies: Developmental Analysis Over Range of Temperature: Chrysomya rufifacies Iftikhar, Anwaar Farooq, Rida Ali, Muhammad Mumtaz, Mehvish Maqsood, Ruhma Akhtar , Mubeen Wahab , Muddasar Aslam, Sadaf Munir, Mariyam Yaqoob, Fatima Zoology Forensic Science Forensic entomology Humid Temperature Room Temperature Cold Temperature Post-Mortem interval (PMI) Forensic Zoology Criminal Investigation Forensic entomology deals with the study of insects used in criminal investigations. Insects are drawn from the beginning to the decaying carcass and deposit their eggs. Forensic investigators can easily identify the cause of death, the postmortem index, and any changes in the posture of the dead body by observing the insect larval growth and population. Objective: To increase students' interest in pursuing careers related to forensic entomology, this study aims to determine the usefulness and viability of forensic entomology in Pakistan. This also creates an understanding of insects' lifestyles, awareness about beneficial insects, and the development of critical thinking. Forensic entomology plays a role in situations where the body has been dead for a while. Methods: The Maggot Blow Fly (Chrysomya rufifacies) was studied to determine the time since death using insects as evidence. The research at the University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan focused on the fly's life cycle and development under different temperature conditions. The aim was to establish the accuracy of using the fly and its life cycle to estimate postmortem interval. Results: The following conditions were observed: temperature (humid) 190˚C–230˚C and cold temperature (dry) 160˚C–220˚C. Room temperature includes Cold Temperature (Humid) at 230˚C -280˚C and Dry at 220˚C - 260˚C. Conclusions: Chrysomya rufifacies employed in this study have shown that the growth cycle is affected by changes in temperature, and these characteristics may be used to predict the minimal period of death. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/72 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.72 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 39-44 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/72/68 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.72.g68 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/73 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:ART driver

Estimation of Lipid Profile in CCl4 Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats : Lipid Profile in CCl4 Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Khalil Murtaza, Sana Baig, Mirza Fahad Khan, Muhammad Javed Mahnoor, . Lipid Profile CCl4 Induced Toxicity Albino Rats The combination of chlorine and chloroform in the presence of light produces carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a colorless, volatile, non-inflammable liquid. It is a clear liquid with a sweet odor that can be perceived at low levels and does not occur naturally. It poses a significant hazard to one's health and is also one of the leading sources of toxicity in critical organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, and brain. Objectives: To determine the lipid profile with CCl4-induced in albino rats. Methods: The research was conducted at the University of Okara, Department of Zoology. The experiment was conducted at the animal home of the Department of Zoology, University of Okara. Albino Rats were the intended targets. There were two groups created: a control group and an experimental group. To test the harmful effect on the lipid profile, the rats were fed 30 per cent diluted carbon tetrachloride, with normal saline as a control group. This was accomplished through a 12-day trial. Sampling or dissection was done after 12 days to determine serum Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Rats were dissected, and their hearts were punctured to obtain a blood sample and organs. After sampling was taken by puncturing the Rats' hearts, the samples were examined by a machine called Micro-Lab 300. Results: Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, and LDL levels were higher than usual. Conclusions: The study indicated that CCl4 has a toxic effect on the lipid profile of rats.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/73 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.73 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 45-50 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/73/73 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.73.g73 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/74 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:ART driver

New suid remains of genus Propotamochoerus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan : Suid remains of genus Propotamochoerus Nadeem, Amir Siwaliks of Pakistan are highly fossiliferous and are well-known worldwide for vertebrate fossil excavations.  Objective: A field survey was conducted to recover some new fossils from different geological formations visible around the village Hasnot of district Jhelum. Methods: The targeted area was surveyed, and the different formations around the village were keenly examined by the naked eye or by using a magnifying glass when and where needed. Results: New dental remains of the genus Propotamochoerus (Mammalia, Suidae) have been found and described from the Middle Miocene Siwalik beds around Hasnot. The material consists of an isolated tooth, the left third mandibular molar. The genus Propotamochoerus was comprised of small to large-sized suids. Its remains were reported from the Lower to the Middle Siwaliks. The presently described material, i.e., a lower third molar of the left side, sheds a great deal of light on the fundamental dental characteristics of this genus. Conclusions: The recovered material is assigned to the species Propotamochoerus salinus (Pilgrim) based on its morphological assessment. This material can potentially enhance the prevalent knowledge of the species reported from the surroundings of the Salt Range of the Siwaliks of Pakistan.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/74 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.74 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 58-61 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/74/75 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.74.g75 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/75 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Production of Bio-Ethanol from Agricultural Waste Using Microbes: An Overview : Production of Bio-Ethanol from Agricultural Waste Mazhar, Sumaira Yasmeen, Roheela Hafeez, Faheem Iqbal, Aruba Mariam Biofuel Bioethanol Pretreatment Biocatalyst Fermentation Ethanol produced through the fermentation of plant biomass is considered an environment friendly alternate to fossil fuels. Bioethanol and biodiesel, commonly known as second-generation biofuels, are produced through biological processes using agro-industrial waste and are considered sustainable, safe, and ecofriendly. These biofuels can minimize the emission of carbon dioxide and reduced the world’s dependence on fossil fuel. This review article focuses on three generations of biofuels, particularly the production of biofuel using fungal biocatalysts specifically Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the mechanism by which they convert biomass into biofuel. A. niger is known for releasing cellulolytic and pectolytic enzymes to hydrolyze biomass and survive against toxins, while S. cerevisiae produces invertase and zymase enzymes to convert sucrose into fructose and glucose sugars, and then further convert fructose and glucose into ethanol. The main purpose of this review is to explore alternative techniques for generating biofuels, using as few harmful chemicals as possible and reducing time consumption.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/75 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.75 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 02-09 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/75/81 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.75.g81 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/76 2024-01-09T08:00:51Z mjz:ART driver

Antagonistic Effects of Chinese Salt and Folic Acid on Developing Swiss Albino Mice: Antagonistic Effects of Chinese Salt and Folic Acid Fahid, Ata Ul Mustafa Azam, Azeem Faseeh, Hamza Anjum, Farhan Bano, Rabia Latif, Maryam Kauser, Sana Albino Mice Folic Acid Chinese Salt One of the most often utilized taste enhancer in commercial meals is monosodium glutamate (MSG) commonly called Chinese salt. MSG utilization has been increasing over time and linked with toxicity in liver and other organs. Objective: To determine the teratogenic and toxic effects of Chinese salt and folic acid on developing mice. Methods: In this study, 20 female pregnant albino mice were divided into four groups, each consisted 5 mice. The control group was supplied with water. To check the teratogenicity and toxicity of Chinese salt and folic acid the treated groups such as Group-I, Group-II and Group-III were supplied with Chinese salt and/or folic acid of concentration 7.50 ug/g of their body weight. The dose was administered orally on daily basis during 6th to 12th day of gestation. This was accomplished through an 18 days trial. On the eighteenth day of gestation, the pregnant mice underwent dissection and the fetuses were retrieved. Fetuses were taken from all groups for histopathological findings and morphometry. Results: Vast range of morphological, morphometric and histological abnormalities in mice were observed in pregnant mice and fetuses. Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly revealed that Chinese salt and folic acid overdose are potentially toxic to liver and stomach. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/76 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.76 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 68-73 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/76/78 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.76.g78 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/77 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Mitigating the Harmful Impacts of Industrial Effluents; The Potential of Biological Treatment Techniques : Biological Treatment of Industrial Effluents Niamat, Humaira Yasmeen, Roheela Mustafa, Muhammad Danyal Zahid, Muhammad Abdullah Noor, Zainab Abbas, Jaweria Industrial Effluents Chemicals Biological Treatment Leather Industry The leather and chemical industries produce a large volume of effluents that contain harmful chemicals, heavy metals, and nutrients. These effluents contribute to pollution and have adverse effects on the environment, aquatic life, animals, and humans. To mitigate these effects, biological techniques such as degradation via algae, fungi, and bacteria have been implemented for the treatment of these effluents. The article discusses the harmful impacts of these industrial effluents and the potential of biological treatment methods to address them. The chemical industry generates effluent containing toxic, carcinogenic, and mostly non-biodegradable chemicals, leading to acute and chronic health effects. Similarly, leather industry generates heavy metals and toxic compounds in effluents that are discharged into aquatic life such as rivers, ponds and streams without further treatment. They have massive chronic effect on primarily them and ultimately up in the food chain. Various bioremediation techniques such as bio augmentation involving multiple microbes like bacteria, fungi and algae have and can be used to treat such effluents biologically and eco-friendly. Chromium (III) and chromium (VI) can be treated effectively only by such techniques. Furthermore, SBR technique and its multiple variants are applied for treatment of potentially toxic chemicals present in chemical industrial effluent. All such techniques provide strong biological substitution to prevalent physical or chemical methods of remediation.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/77 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.77 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 12-17 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/77/70 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.77.g70 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/78 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:ART driver

Seasonal Distribution of Copepods as Influenced by Physicochemical Parameters in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan : Seasonal Distribution of Copepods Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Roohi, Nabila Ahmad, Husna Iqbal, Muhammad Amir Copepods Planktonic Electrical Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Canonical Correspondence Analysis Copepods are tiny aquatic animals. Their role in aquatic food chains is very crucial as they are involved in organic matter circulation and energy transfer between different trophic levels. They are important source of food for fish larvae and zooplanktivorous fish. Objective: To assess the influence of environmental variables on the abundance, diversity and seasonal variations of planktonic copepods in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan. Methods: For the analysis of environmental variables monthly water samples from four selected sites were collected for a period of one year (February 2021 to January 2022). Environmental variables were analyzed in laboratory by following standard procedures. Month wise samples of copepods were collected with planktonic net (mesh size: 37µm) from four locations (each with 3 sub-sites). Results: In total, 7 species of Copepods belonging to 4 genera were identified from February 2021 to January 2022. Mesocyclops was observed as the most diverse genus (4 species), while Mesocyclops edax was the most prevalent copepod species. Population density and biodiversity were highest in June and minimum in January. Shannon-Weaver diversity index described greater diversity among copepod species in June. Pearson correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were important environmental variables affecting the biodiversity and density of copepods. Conclusions: This investigation elucidated that physicochemical parameters generally regulate the population dynamics of Copepods.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/78 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.78 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 51-57 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/78/74 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.78.g74 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/79 2023-12-31T13:37:31Z mjz:Edt driver

Conscience of Science: Ethical Imperatives in Zoological Research Manzoor, Farkhanda Zoological science is an intricate field which requires intimate considerations and guidelines to make sure that limits and boundaries are set for the ethical and humane conduction of research. A number of bioethical laws and international conventions have been designed by bioethical and committees and review boards that serve as moral compass steering towards responsible and humane scientific research. Animal Welfare Act (AWA) sets standards for the responsible treatment of animals in research, transport, exhibition and animal dealers, handling and research protocols, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals that is published by National research Council of Unites States provides a framework for the proper use and optimal care of animals for in vivo research in laboratory experiments [1]. Similarly, European Union Directive 2010/63/EU is a directive which outlines the standards for the animal protection used for research purposes in the Europe. It states 3Rs of animal testing i.e., Refinement, Reduction and Replacement, and necessitates that researchers consider alternatives before resorting to the animal experiments. An elaborate directive, Declaration of Helsinki, primarily focuses on human research ethics but has principle related o animal research ethics as well [2]. Likewise, another Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora also called as CITES, deals with the trade of endangered animals ensuring that any research which involves endangered species is conducted ethically with proper permits and prevents illegal and unethical exploitation of animals [3]. Last but not the least, the ARRIVE guidelines provide a checklist of essential information which must be included while publishing the research data which describes animal experiments, promotes transparency and improve the quality of reporting in the animal research. The current global conditions necessitate ethical consciousness in zoological research. These considerations extend beyond laboratory settings and encompass wildlife conservation and the prevention of zoonotic diseases such as COVID-19. Innovations in non-invasive research methods, genetic analyses, and data-driven insights pave the way for more ethical and efficient scientific practices. Ethical consciousness aligning with the pursuit of knowledge nurtures a landscape where wonder of discovery and the ethical treatment of animals walk hand in hand.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/79 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.79 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/79/76 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.79.g76 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/82 2024-01-04T07:23:20Z mjz:ART driver

Protective Potential of Ashwagandha, Against Pyrifluquinazon Induced Hepato-And Nephrotoxicity in Albino Mice : Potential of Ashwagandha, Against Pyrifluquinazon Ur Rehman, Attiq Andaleeb, Shagufta Azam, Azeem Faseeh, Hamza Anjum, Farhan Bano, Rabia Pyrifluquinazon Ashwagandha Toxicity Albino Mice Globally, due to rise in dependence on the agricultural sector for food supply, the use of insecticides i.e., “Chemicals used to kill insects”, has been increasing day by day. One of these is Pyrifluquinazon. The emerging concern is that after field spray, this insecticide has the tendency to be incorporated into surface water and become a part of the food chain and so becomes toxic for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Objective: To investigate the protective potential of Ashwagandha against damaging effect of Pyrifluquinazon (PQZ) on liver and kidney of mature and healthy male albino mice. Methods: Albino mice were divided into four groups, each group contained five mice. First group was control, supplied with water while, three were treated groups (Dose, Dose + Antidote and Antidote group respectively) to check protective potential of Ashwagandha against PQZ induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in mice. The dose group was supplied with PQZ while Dose + Antidote group with PQZ and Ashwagandha as an antidote while the Antidote group was supplied with Ashwagandha. This was accomplished for 20 days trial. Blood sampling and dissection was done at 20th day. Blood sample were taken using intra cardiac sampling method for biochemistry while liver and kidney were separated from each group for histopathological studies. Results: The liver function test and kidney function were normal and indicated restoration of their normal function. Histopathological findings also revealed regeneration in damaged areas of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusions: The Findings of this study clearly revealed the protective potential of Ashwagandha against PQZ induced hepato and nephrotoxicity. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/82 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.82 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 62-67 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/82/77 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.82.g77 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/84 2024-01-16T09:11:45Z mjz:ART driver

Economic Importance of Backyard Poultry in Taluka Jhando Mari, District Tando Allahyar, Sindh : Importance of Backyard Poultry in Taluka Jhando Mari Kaleri, Rameez Raja Khoso, Zafar Ali Mangi, Raza Ali Solangi, Ghulam Mustafa Ahmed, Imran Memon, Muhammad Anees Soomro, Muhammad Awais Khushk, Farooque Ahmed Anwar, Ali Kumar, Lookesh Backyard Poultry Gross Income Net Revenue Present study was carried out to observe the economic importance of backyard poultry birds in rural areas of Taluka Jhando Mari district Tando Allahyar during the 2022. Objective: To determine the profitability of backyard poultry production in rural areas of Tando Allahyar. Methods: Our study was divided into two different parts (i) primary and (ii) secondary part. Primary category was based on collection of data by interview from respondents by filling questionnaire. Results: The results revealed that 70% of household poultry kept by female and 30% were males. The cost function was estimated using the OLS method. The model of study suggested that price of egg and price of per bird were recorded statistically significant whereas per bird cost was observed non-significant statistically. It was concluded that high egg producing poultry breeds such RIR, Playmouth, White leghorn must be raised in order to increase the production of household backyard poultry birds. Conclusions: It is also concluded that improvement in rural poultry germplasm will be highly effective in rural poultry production system in future and will be major business for completing the food security and nutritional diet in middle class population of our country. Government of Sindh should also encourage private sector poultry by providing loan and poultry feed on cheapest prices to improve the production of backyard poultry farmers and their livelihood.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/84 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.84 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2023: Volume 04 Issue 02 (July-December 2023); 74-79 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v4i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/84/79 10.54393/mjz.v4i02.84.g79 Copyright (c) 2023 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/85 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:ART driver

Biodiversity of Earthworms with Special Reference to Tehsil Wazirabad, District Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan: Biodiversity of Earthworms in Wazirabad, Pakistan Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Hasan, Ali Hashmi, Syeda Alveena Zafar, Usman Pheretima posthuma Earthworms Biodiversity Taxonomic Characteristics Endogeic Earthworms are crucial soil invertebrates that are involved in the circulation of nutrients, humus formation, decomposition of organic matter and generation of soil texture. They play an important role as bioindicator of soil contamination. Objective: To investigate the biodiversity of earthworms in different habitats (Grassy lawns, croplands, marshy areas, ponds, edges of river and canals) of Tehsil Wazirabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A total number of four hundred and fifty (450) samples of earthworms were collected from above mentioned sites for a period of six months (March 2015 to August 2015), by hand sorting technique. Morphological details of all earthworm specimens collected from the designated areas were recorded and species were identified by using the systematic key. Results: During present investigation, six species; Pheretima posthuma, P. lignicola, P. morrisi, Microscolex dubis, Aporrectodea longa and Notoscolex sacutarius belonging to 4 genera and 2 families (Megascolecidae, Lumbricidae) were recorded. The distribution patterns of various earthworm species in the designated habitats shows that Pheretima posthuma is the most abundant species distributed in all sites; whereas, P. lignicola was least populated in the selected habitats. According to ecological grouping of reported earthworm species; Endogeic (50%) was the most dominant group followed by Epigeic (33%) and Anecic (17%). Conclusions: This study provided the base line data and much needed information about biodiversity of earthworms in Tehsil Wazirabad. This knowledge can be very useful in improving the soil conditions and agriculture gross production in investigated area. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/85 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.85 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 10-15 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/85/82 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.85.g82 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/88 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:Edt driver

The Coral Chronicles: Climate Crisis and Its Implications on the Global Coral Reefs Sheikh, Nadeem The coral reefs are one of the most devastating causalities that is often overlooked as our planet grapples with the continually progressing crisis of climate change. They are often addressed as the rainforests of the sea and are hubs of biodiversity that support a one-fourth of all marine species even though they only cover less than one percent of the ocean floor. Not only are they inhabiting countless marine creatures, they are also a crucial food an income source to the millions of people worldwide. Alas! These vibrant underwater ecosystems are being pushed to the brink of collapse due the relentless onslaught of climate change.  Consider the Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Australia, where extensive coral bleaching events are occurring due to rising sea temperatures [1]. The threat of ocean acidification has jeopardized the coral reef in the Maldives and is potentially affecting the country economically which is based on the tourism and fisheries. Likewise, Caribbean Sea is facing disease outbreak and coral bleaching. Philippines is home to some of the most diverse coral reefs in the world but, climate change, overfishing and coastal development is threatening these natural ecosystems. Apart from these, Seychelles and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean and the Coral triangle in the Southeast Asian region are also at stake due to these environmental stressors [2].   In the face of these challenges, many governments, NGOs and local communities have united to conserve these global reefs. Different Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been developed to mitigate overfishing and habitat destruction and protect the coral reefs [3]. Moreover, many techniques have been developed to restore the degraded coral ecosystems and enhance their resilience, including Coral Transplantation and Artificial Reef Structures. These initiatives have created the hope that the vibrant coral reefs will eventually recover in face of the existing environmental crises.   However, we cannot overstate that the current situation is dire and nothing short of a global calamity. It is our moral obligation that we protect and preserve these natural wonders for future generations.  If we do not take immediate action to curb the emission of greenhouse gases and fight against the climate change, we risk losing these underwater ecosystems right in front of our eyes. It is our choice and the stakes could not be higher.    CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/88 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.88 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/88/80 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.88.g80 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/91 2024-04-09T12:02:14Z mjz:ART driver

Incidence of Cestode Parasites and Assessment of Histopathological Alterations in the Intestine of Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan : Cestode Parasites in Domestic Pigeons Soomro, Bakhtawar Memon, Shakeel Ahmed Mushtaq, Sajida Malik, Sadia Helminths Cestode Parasites Histological Alterations Columba Livia domestica The avian species are severely harmed by helminth parasites. Many of the parasites infected them via habitats, feeding habits, or by a few infected birds that coexist with them. Objective: To examine histological alterations caused by cestode parasites in the pigeon’s intestines in the district of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: One hundred (100) domestic pigeons (Columba Livia domestica) were used after that pigeons were dissected and their intestines were excised. Under the dissecting microscope and magnifying glass various parts of the intestine were examined to see the presence of the cestode parasites. The (H & E) staining method was applied for histological study. Results: The cestode parasites that infected the pigeons were identified as Choanotenia infundibulum, Raillietina cesticillus, and Cotugnia digonopora. Infected Pigeons had diarrhea, weakness, emaciation, and stunted development. Histopathological alterations in the intestine of pigeons caused by Cotugnia digonopora have disfigured the villus and glands. The intestinal architecture was destroyed, villi degraded, the muscle layer had holes, and glands were distorted by Raillietina cesticillus and Choanotenia infundibulum, respectively. Conclusions: This research revealed that the pigeon’s intestine was infected with cestode parasites and had notable histological alterations as compared to non-infected pigeons. It is concluded that this study will help out in the documentation of specific parasite species and also provide a valuable understanding of the pathogenesis of infections in birds.    CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/91 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.91 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 45-50 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/91/89 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.91.g89 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/92 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:ART driver

The Ecological Status of Treehopper Caresa tuarina in District Hyderabad, Sindh Pakistan : Ecological Status of Caresa tuarina Babar, Iqra Soomro, Bakhtawar Ahmed Memon, Shakeel Sadiq, Arsalan Treehopper Caresa tuarina Ecological Status Conservation Climate Change Pesticide Use The treehopper, also known as Caresa tuarina, is an intriguing creature with more than a hundred recorded species. Treehoppers are a very diverse group of insects, that play a crucial role in the ecosystem, yet many species remain uncovered in terms of their ecological status. Objectives: To investigate the ecological status of C. taurina and propose conservation strategies to ensure its preservation in the district Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: Field survey was carried out in different areas of Hyderabad to investigate the habitat and population of C. tuarina. For preservation of C. taurina specie, naphthalene balls and 70% alcohol were used. Environmental factors including temperature, humidity, plant cover, air pressure, soil type, and UV index and habitat structure were noted at each sample location. Results: The collected treehoppers were small size insects, measuring around 8 mm in length. Agricultural areas and riparian zones were shown to be important habitats for C. taurina populations. Different physical characteristics included soil type was lay and whose terrain was plane land; there was a full moon, 34°C in the mean temperature; 27% Mean humidity; 21.22 psig of air pressure; and a moderate UV index. Urbanization, intensified agriculture, pesticide usage, and changes in habitat appropriateness brought on by climate change are the main causes of habitat degradation for populations of C. taurina. Conclusions: It is concluded that population of treehoppers (C. tuarina) mostly found in agriculture and riparian zones. They are facing habitat degradation as a result of urbanization, intensive agriculture, pesticide use, and changes in habitat appropriateness brought on by climate change.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/92 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.92 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 16-20 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/92/83 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.92.g83 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/93 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:ART driver

Biometrical Analysis of the Indian One Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Unicornis) in Laal Suhanra National Park, Pakistan: Biometrical Analysis of the Indian One Horned Rhinoceros Khan, Muhammad Rizwan Nisar Khan, Bushra Ullah, Zia Nazir, Fakhra Mukhtar, Arshia Rauf, Mubasher Azhar, Muhmmad Mushtaque, Abida Fatima, Rida Biometrical Analysis One-Horned Rhinoceros Megaherbivores Necropsy Threatened Species The Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), commonly referred to as the Indian Rhinoceros, is an endangered species inhabiting the floodplains and grasslands of the Indian subcontinent. Once abundant, the species now faces a vulnerable status in its homeland, as confirmed by the International Union for The Conservation of Nature IUCN’s assessment. Objective: To record Rhinoceros unicornis' biometric body measurements for the first time. Methods: The following study delves into the significance of body biometry data for the conservation of this remarkable species Indian One Horned Rhinoceros housed at Lal Suhanra National Park, Punjab, Pakistan. In order to give conservationists, the resources they need to develop more effective methods involving habitat management, population monitoring, and captive breeding programs, a thorough analysis of the physical characteristics, growth trends, and sexual dimorphism of 42-year-old Indian Rhinos via the evaluation of the body measurements was conducted. Results: This study presents comprehensive body measurements of the Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros which have never been published before. The length of the rhino itself spanned 143 inches, encapsulating the magnitude of this magnificent creature. These insightful observations are crucial for protecting the threatened species, particularly considering the growing threats caused by habitat loss, poaching, and the effects of climate change. Conclusions: Biometric analysis of large mammals assumes a pivotal role when designing enclosures and estimating the enclosure dimensions. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/93 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.93 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 21-26 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/93/84 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.93.g84 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/95 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:ART driver

Comparative Safety Evaluation of Boma and Chemical Immobilization Techniques Applied for Translocation of Spotted Deer (Axis axis) : Boma and Chemical Immobilization for Translocating Spotted Deer Khan, Bushra Nisar Khan, Muhammad Rizwan Azhar, Muhammad Fatima, Rida Mushtaque, Abida Mukhtar, Muhammad Talha Anwar, Aneela Translocation Boma Spotted Deer Capture Myopathy Chemical Restraint The translocation of wild ungulates poses significant stress to the animal species being transported, necessitating careful consideration. Chemical restraint helps to reduce the stress levels significantly by minimizing the mobility of the animals. Capture myopathy, a leading cause of mortality during chemical immobilization, is a critical concern. However, the Boma method offers a promising alternative to the conventionally used translocation methods. Objective: To compare the survival outcomes of the spotted deer captured and transported using both chemical restraint and the Boma method, therefore assessing their respective effectiveness. Methods: In the study, we used 22 spotted deer for chemical restraint method and 30 spotted deer were captured through Boma method and both of techniques were assessed, how capture methods influenced the fatality rate of the highly sensitive spotted deer which were being trans-located from Safari Zoo, Lahore to other captive sites of Punjab Pakistan. Results: The exceptional record of zero mortality in the Boma procedure was seen as compared to the chemical immobilization in which 31% of the total shifted animals were expired. The pathognomic white streaked/pale muscles in necropsy findings of dead animals later on confirmed the dead due to capture myopathy. Conclusions: The study established the finding that Boma technique is safer technique for trans-location of ungulates especially spotted deer as compared to the chemical immobilization.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/95 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.95 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 40-44 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/95/87 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.95.g87 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/96 2024-04-05T09:02:33Z mjz:ART driver

Toxic Impact of Chlorpyrifos Insecticide on the Ovary of Pigeon (Columba livia domestica): Chlorpyrifos Impact on Pigeon Ovary Memon, Shakeel Ahmed Memon, Nasreen Birmani, Nadir Ali Chlorpyrifos Histological Examination Ovaries Pigeons Modern agriculture and vector-borne diseases are responsible for the rapid increase in pesticide usage, which is harmful to animals, particularly birds. The declining in the diversity of bird’s species is a major concern Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the commonly used insecticide in agriculture sector. Unfortunately, CPF is still being applied across the world. Objective: To evaluate the toxic impact of chlorpyrifos on the ovaries of the pigeon in relation to the reproductive toxicity. Methods: For this purpose, N=80 healthy (Columba Livia domestica) pigeons were used. Pigeons had been acclimated for fifteen (15) days and divided into four equal groups (A-D) Oral dosages 1.3 mg, 1.6 mg, and 2.1 mg per kg body weight per day of chlorpyrifos (CPF) were administered respectively to group B, C and D for 84 consecutive days and pigeons from group (A) assigned as control. Daily observations were made on stress-related signs and behavioral changes.  (H & E) staining method was applied to examine histological change in the ovary of pigeons after exposure to CPF, likewise for the control. Results: Birds from groups B-D displayed notable clinical signs such as: tremors, salivation, open-mouth breathing, ruffled feathers, lethargy and watery diarrhea and reduced food intake. The Histological examinations revealed that the ovary of pigeons from the B, C, and D showed notable variations such as follicular degeneration, vacuolation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis after exposure to CPF. The intensity was on high doses as compared to control which were with normal ovarian articulation small containing big follicles of all diameters. Oocytes, thecal layers, granulosa layers (g), stromal Tissue, and nucleus contained yolk-like secondary oocytes, mature follicles. Conclusions: In current study it was concluded that, the CPF produced drastic impact on the ovary of pigeon that may be associated with alterations in reproduction. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/96 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.96 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 33-39 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/96/86 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.96.g86 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/97 2024-03-31T20:12:21Z mjz:ART driver

Multivariate Analysis of Copepod’s Distribution in Jallo Lake, Lahore Pakistan : Multivariate Analysis of Copepods Nawaz, Faheem Akhtar, Naveed Hayee, Sara Nadeem, Amir Bashir, Fozia Ayub, Amber Ashfaq, Farah Kanval, Sadia Khan Sulehria, Abdul Qayyum Copepods Canonical Component Analysis Dendrogram Diacyclops thomsai Copepods are valuable zooplankton found globally. Fish eat them. Any water ecosystem has food chains and webs. Their diversity and density depend on physicochemical factors. Objective: The Jallo Lake was targeted for the investigation of the spatio-temporal distribution of copepods from January to December 2023. Methods: Copepods were collected from Jallo Park's freshwater with a zooplankton mesh. These organisms were species-classified using conventional keys. Separate water samples were taken to examine physicochemical characteristics. Sedgwick Rafter chamber for species counting. PAST software was used for PCA I & II and CCA. Results: Ten species and their nauplius larvae from seven orders were identified in this study. The study examined conductivity, oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and transparency. Air and water temperature was also recorded.  Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for physicochemical properties, excluding transparency, was statistically significant at (= 0.05, P = 0.000). Copepod variety and density peaked in June and July and dropped in October and December. The dendrogram showed three cluster-level variations. Plotting copepod species and month abundance curves. Principal component analysis (PCA I, PCA II) was used to correlate months, copepod species, and physicochemical parameters. Canonical component analysis (CCA) shows diversity similarities between sites on the same water body and links species abundance to environmental conditions. Conclusions: Only ten copepod species from seven orders and nauplius larvae were isolated from the aquatic body under research during the study months. Copepod diversity and density in freshwater lakes depended on environmental conditions.     CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/97 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.97 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 27-32 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/97/85 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.97.g85 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/98 2024-07-11T15:11:42Z mjz:ART driver

A Comparative and Quantitative Analysis of Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Tilapia and Chicken Meat: Nutrient Analysis of Tilapia and Chicken Meat Afzal, Sadia Bibi, Anbreen Shahbaz, Sana BiBi, Hafiza Sonia Fatima, Sehar Chicken Macronutrients Micronutrients Tilapia Omega-3 Fatty Acids Poultry and fish meat play an important role in human nutrition by providing all the essential amino acids and nutrients and more importantly they are economically reliable or cheap. This study is a comprehensive approach for the comparative and quantitative analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients in Tilapia and chicken meat. Objectives: To evaluate the nutritional profiles and potential health benefits of Tilapia and chicken meat. Methods: This study utilized a randomized sampling approach to collect a diverse range of Tilapia and chicken meat samples from local markets. Analytical techniques, Lowery assay (Protein analysis), Soxhlet apparatus (fat content) for macronutrients and spectrophotometry were employed to determine micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, and essential trace elements) in each meat type. The SPSS version 21.0 was used for the comparison of mean with T-Test and at probability level (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that the Tilapia meat have high protein content as compared to chicken which was recorded as (22.167±0.44 g) and (18.667 ± 0.66 g), respectively. The Tilapia meat has low amount of fat (g) content in all the tested samples as compared to chicken meat which was recorded as (2.5 ± 0.28 g) and (4.7 ± 0.43 g), respectively. The mean value of minerals in Tilapia and chicken meat samples was recorded as 1.33 ± 0.06 and 1.2 ± 0.053 g which is not significantly different from each-others. Tilapia meat have high amount of all the tested vitamins as compared to chicken. Tilapia fish meat demonstrated higher levels of high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, B3, B6 C and E and certain essential minerals, such as selenium, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium and iodine. Conclusions: It was concluded that due to distinctive nutritional attributes of fish and chicken meat, individuals can adapt their diets to meet specific health goals and achieve a balanced intake of essential nutrients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/98 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.98 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 24-29 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/98/95 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.98.g95 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/99 2024-04-25T08:31:28Z mjz:ART driver

Study on Declined Breeding Behavior of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Factors Affecting its Population in Tando Allahyar, Sindh: House Sparrows: Declined Breeding Behavior and Population Kaleri, Rameez Raja Kaleri, Hubdar Ali Solangi, Ghulam Mustafa Lanjar, Zainab Mangi, Raza Ali Ahmed, Imran Jamali, Dilbar Hussain Janyaro, Habibullah Sajid, Sajid Mehmood Nawaz, Mohsin Passer domesticus Declined Breeding Hatchability Nesting Population Density In this world, different terrestrial bird species are major factor that contribute significantly to biodiversity, especially in green vegetated areas on land and in marine or freshwater environments. Objective: To find out the declined breeding biology of House Sparrow bird, belonging to the Passeridae family, worldwide. The female Sparrow has a dull color, while the male is brightly colored and is mostly found in rural areas with human populations nearby. Methods: The study was conducted in three different villages in Taluka Jhando Mari from March 2023 to March 2024. Results: A total of 108 clutches were observed, with a total of 436 eggs. Out of these, 351 eggs hatched, resulting in an 82% hatching success rate, while 35 (9.34%) eggs were non-fertile and 43 (11.01%) were broken or damaged. The maximum number of populations was recorded in June, and the minimum in December in different Talukas. Conclusions: It is concluded that the variation in the population and breeding biology of House Sparrows can be increased by providing artificial nests during the breeding season from March to June. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/99 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.99 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 1 (January-March Issue); 51-55 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i01 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/99/90 10.54393/mjz.v5i01.99.g90 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/100 2024-07-11T15:11:42Z mjz:ART driver

Comparative Study on the Production, Performance and Various Eggs Characteristic of Rhode Island Red and Plymouth Rock Poultry Breeds: Comparative Study on Eggs of Poultry Breeds Kaleri, Rameez Raja Kaleri, Hubdar Ali Hussain, Muhammad Altaf Ullah, Naimat Hussain, Raz Ghotia, Abdul Ghafar Hayat, Muhammad Kaimkhani, Ahsan Zulfiqar Ahmed, Imran Khosa, Mudasar Ahmed Chicken Feed Consumption Egg Quality Poultry Breeds A comparative study was conducted at Arain Farm in Nasarpur, Sindh during to January 2024 to March 2024. Objective: To assess the production performance and egg quality of Plymouth Rock and Rhode Island Red chickens. Methods: A total of 105 birds (50 females and 5 males per breed) were selected for the study. The birds were divided into 10 groups, with 5 groups per breed. The chickens were fed layer feed L5, and various parameters including feed conversion ratio, egg weight, egg production, and egg quality characteristics were measured. Results: The results revealed that Rhode Island Red chickens showed higher egg weight and production, as well as more efficient feed utilization per kilogram of egg weight and per dozen eggs compared to Plymouth Rock chickens. Rhode Island Red chickens also exhibited higher values for yolk weight, shell weight, albumin weight, breaking strength, yolk index, and shell thickness. Haugh unit values did not differ significantly between the two breeds. Conclusions: Rhode Island Red chickens demonstrated superior production performance and egg quality characteristics in the Nasarpur region of Sindh. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/100 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.100 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 02-06 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/100/92 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.100.g92 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/104 2024-08-01T18:21:46Z mjz:ART driver

Adverse Effects of Propranolol on Testis and Heart Tissue of Albino Mice: Adverse Effects of Propranolol Shaheen, Javaria Asmatullah, . Azam, Azeem Fahid, Ata Ul Mustafa Faseeh, Hamza Anjum, Farhan Faisal, Muhammad Rehan Latif, Maryam Testis Toxicity Albino Mice Laminar Degeneration Morphometric Analysis Propranolol is a non-selective, beta-adrenergic antagonist drug useful in various clinical disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, agitation, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), hypertension, insomnia and other psychosis. Objective: To investigate the probable toxic effects of propranolol on the testis and heart of male mice. Methods: Twenty mature male mice were randomized and divided into four groups. The control group received distilled water, and the three experimental dose groups, D-I, D-II, and D-III, received 0.1 ml of propranolol using an insulin syringe with a butterfly needle in three different concentrations i.e.  0.15 µg/g, 0.30 µg/g, and 0.60 µg/g of their body weight, respectively, for a period of four weeks. After completion of the experiment, these mice were weighed, anaesthetized, and dissected. Their serum was collected by the intracardial puncture technique for the analysis of testosterone. Testes and heart were separated from the control and experimental groups for morphometric and histopathological studies. Results: The mice exposed to propranolol revealed a significant reduction in testosterone (P≤ 0.01) and body weight (P≤ 0.01). Histopathological findings also revealed laminar/tubular degeneration, vaccination, and an enlarged amyloid body in testicle tissues, while damaged striated strips and irregular arrangements of nuclei were observed in heart tissues. Conclusions: This investigation clearly reveals the adverse effects of propranolol on the testis and heart tissue of albino mice. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/104 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.104 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 17-23 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/104/94 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.104.g94 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/107 2025-12-08T09:24:17Z mjz:ART driver

Investigation of Zoonotic Cestode (Hymenolepididae: Cyclophyllidea) from Rodents in Suburban Hyderabad: Prevalence and Public Health Risk : Zoonotic Cestode (Hymenolepididae: Cyclophyllidea): Prevalence and Public Health Rajper, Maree Birmani, Nadir Ali Prevalence Zoonotic Disease Rats Mice The Rats and mice are well-known vectors of ecto and endo parasites and have zoonotic and veterinary importance. Objectives: To study two Hymenolepididae species in sub-urban rodents: Rattus rattus and Mus musculus and to analyse the elements contributing to their occurrence in the environment and causing sanitary risks and to evaluate the prevalence, mean, and abundance. Methods: 40 samples were collected including 21 rats and 19 mice captured from sub-urban areas of Hyderabad. Prevalence means and abundance was recorded with the help of Quantitative Parasitology-version 3.0. Morphological characters were studied using line diagrams and photographs of this cestode. Identification of cestode was done with key books and recent research papers. Results: Morphological analysis of hosts i-e Rattus rattus and Mus. musculus revealed that two cestode species (Hymenolepis diminuta, H. nana) were found in the sub-urban localities of the Hyderabad district. These localities are mostly under development, lack freshwater facilities, and have sanitary risks. This cestode is found in the small intestine. Morphometric studies were conducted on both species: H. nana and H. diminuta. Statistical value: Prevalence, mean, abundance, and mean intensity were calculated, also observed host species correlation with sex, localities, and season. Conclusions: It was concluded that cestode parasites have public health importance. Studies provide valuable data to local and provincial organizations and also help in the diagnosis of zoonotic diseases. This study also provides references to minimize the rodent population, especially in suburban areas where the sewage system is poor and zoonotic diseases are common.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/107 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.107 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 04 (Oct-Dec Issue); 17-22 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i04 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/107/107 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.107.g107 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/109 2024-10-14T11:36:32Z mjz:ART driver

Conservation Status and Biodiversity of Pelecanus onocrotalus (The Great white pelican bird) at Manchar Lake, District Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Conservation Status and Biodiversity of Pelecanus onocrotalus Memon, Quratulain Sheikh, Kalsoom Avifauna Diversity Latitude Fluctuation Resident Species Diversity amongst birds occurs in so many forms, which captivates their appearances and peculiar distributions. Avifaunal species enhance the beauty of wetlands with their ecological and economic benefits. Manchar Lake is a wetland of much importance, as it serves as a distinguished habitat for a variety of bird species, many of these species might be yet unknown to the scientific community. Objectives: To explore the distribution, diversity, and conservation status of the great white pelican (Pelicanus onocrotalus). For this purpose, South Asia's one of the largest natural lakes, Manchar located in Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan was investigated. Methods: Pelecanus onocrotalus was identified as a migratory species. Notably, a few specimens have been recorded for the first time all through the summer. According to the IUCN red list of endangered species, the conservation status of the great white pelican was recorded as least concern. The prevalence of the species was recorded highest from October to March and lowest from April to September. Results: A total of 50 specimens of Pelecanus onocrotalus (Great White Pelican) belonging to the genus Pelecanus and the family Pelecanidae were recorded. Conclusions: This fact-finding study aims to document the emergence of bird diversity and its association with the lake surroundings and other species. The research findings will be valuable for wildlife departments and future researchers as a useful literature resource. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/109 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.109 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 03 (July-Sep Issue); 11-16 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i03 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/109/99 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.109.g99 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/110 2024-07-18T08:46:21Z mjz:ART driver

Effects of Inbreeding on Survival of Captive Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Lahore Zoo: Inbreeding in Bengal Tigers Nisar Khan, Bushra Azhar, Muhammad Hussain, Nageen Mukhtar, Arshia Haider, Muhammad Adnan Zulfiqar, Romana Abdullah, . Khan, Muhammad Rizwan Mahal, Zaib Bhatti, Saman Bengal Tigers Inbreeding Captive Breeding Stillbirths Genetic Analysis The risk of inbreeding within captive tiger populations is a fundamental problem in conservation of wildlife. Objective: To determined high levels of inbreeding can result in reduced genetic variation, low reproductive performance, increased cub mortality and reduced immune competence. Lahore Zoological Gardens famous for its tiger exhibits. The current study has been palnned to understand the inbreeding in Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) at Lahore due to the production of offspring among similar individuals of the same families without change in blood line. Stillbirths and rickets are an inbreeding issue for tigers at Lahore Zoo. Methods: The issue of inbreeding was highlighted in 2008. From 2008 to 2020, repeated cases of inbreeding have occurred. Results: Among the 19 new-born cubs, 9 were male and 10 were female. The normal birth rate for cubs was 63% and stillbirth was 37%. The percentage of white-colored cubs was 72%. The newborn tigers suffered from various conditions such as autolysis, squint eyes, blue eyes, white color, malformation, and infection. Because of this, tiger breeding was banned in 2010. In 2018 and 2022 new tigers was imported to replace the blood line. Cuanbet88 merupakan salah satu portal link slot gacor 777 resmi untuk generasi muda, cukup dengan situs slot777 pasti gampang menang 2025. A pair of them produced four cubs, all of which died at the age of 11 weeks. Conclusions: Based on this, it was recommended that the genetic analysis of the existing tigers at Lahore Zoo and at different captive sites in the province be performed. Apart from that, revision of the collection plan, blood line change and artificial insemination are also recommended CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/110 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.110 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 07-16 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/110/93 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.110.g93 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/111 2024-07-11T15:11:42Z mjz:Edt driver

Avian Flu: A Looming Threat to Global Health Security Qadir, Muhammad Farhan Avian influenza A (H5N1), a highly pathogenic virus, known as bird flu is emerging as a serious global health security risk. Avian flu subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 circulate in bird populations worldwide with high genomic diversity and the ability to reconstruct with the human influenza virus to introduce new strains capable of zoonotic (human-to-human) transmission. Influenza virus evolves and develops new pathogenic strains very rapidly. Around 50 million people died due to the 1918 'Spanish flu' pandemic caused by an H1N1 influenza virus [1]. In addition to the H1N1 pandemic (Swine flu) in 2009, there have been a few other human AIV pandemics in the past decades: the H2N2 pandemic (Asian flu) in 1957 and the H3N2 pandemic (Hong Kong flu) in 1968 [2]. The H5N1 outbreak not only infects birds but also breaks and crosses the interspecies barrier and affects mammals including animals and humans.  H5N1 virus has limited human transmission because it binds to alpha-2, 3-linked sialic acid receptors (during its replication cycle) which are less abundant in the human respiratory system as compared to birds but its genetic reassortment ability makes it highly pathogenic and a health hazard for humans. The outbreak of the H5N1 virus has been reported currently in US dairy cows and workers. In humans, it can cause severe respiratory problems, multi-organ failure, and high mortality rates. Four humans have been affected since 2020 in the US [3]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is thoroughly monitoring the people with animal exposure, carefully inspecting the situation, and currently reporting a low public health risk. Experts are raising alarm about the transfer of viruses from birds to humans and are urging the implementation of new protocols for handling airborne infectious diseases. However, the worldwide spread of H5N1 and its ability to infect mammals causes major threats regarding the potential for human-to-human transmission, which may result in a pandemic. In addition to its potential impact on human health, bird flu poses an immense threat to agriculture and food security because of its economic implications. As the avian flu continues to pose a persistent and evolving threat to global health security, national, regional, and global vigilance, preparedness, and collaborative actions are needed. It is important to maintain robust surveillance, respond rapidly, and innovative prevention and control strategies due to sporadic outbreaks of avian flu. Management of avian flu demands a coordinated effort to protect human and animal health, mitigate economic impacts, and improve the global health security CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/111 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.111 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/111/91 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.111.g91 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/112 2024-08-14T19:45:29Z mjz:ART driver

Impact of Almond Oil, Amla Oil and Coconut Oil on the Growth and Virulence of Entomopathogenic Strains against Bactrocera Zonata Maggots: Effect of Oils on Entomopathogenic Strains against Maggots Shahid, Madeeha Dildar Gogi, Muhammad Akhtar, Aadab Saeed, Sadia Kanwal, Sobia Fazal, Sonia Hassan, Rabia Aftab Anees, Amir Nadeem, Arif Fruit Fly Entomopathogenic Fungal Strains Oils Virulence Bacterocera Zonata Fruit flies, particularly Bactrocera zonata, are significant pests causing major agricultural losses. Chemical control methods result in pesticide residues, making alternative strategies essential. This study examines the impact of almond, amla, and coconut oils on the growth and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) against B. zonata larvae. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of almond, amla, and coconut oils on the efficacy of nine EPF strains in controlling B. zonata larvae by assessing spore germination rates, lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), and lethal times (LT50 and LT90). Methods: The study was conducted at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Infested fruits were collected from citrus and guava orchards on campus. EPF strains were cultured on ¼ SDAY media with the three oils at seven concentrations (5%-35%) in IPM Laboratory of Department of Entomology UAF. Spore germination, LC50, LC90, LT50, and LT90 values were assessed in the lab. Results: Metarhizium pinghaense (MBC709), Lecanicillium attenuatum (MBC807), and Isaria farinose (MBC389) showed significant responses to oils and concentrations. Metarhizium aniopliae (F52) exhibited the highest virulence with the lowest LC50 (5.11×10^10 cfu/ml) and LC90 (3.26×10^13 cfu/ml) values after 3 days. Conclusions: Metarhizium aniopliae (F52) showed the highest virulence, followed by Isaria javanica (MBC524) and Beauveria brongniartii (MBC397). Beauveria brongniartii (MBC397) had the shortest LT50, indicating the highest mortality rate. This study highlights the potential of using EPF strains with oils for effective B. zonata management, offering a promising integrated pest management strategy. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/112 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.112 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 36-43 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/112/97 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.112.g97 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/115 2024-08-08T12:16:27Z mjz:ART driver

Toxicity Evaluation and Tissue Damaging Effects of Cadmium in Labeo rohita: Toxicity and Tissue Damage of Cadmium in Labeo rohita Hashmi, Syeda Alveena Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Hasan, Ali Farooq, Sibgha Mukhtar, Arshia Comet Assay Bioaccumulation Cadmium Heavy Metals Labeo rohita Heavy metals are polluting the freshwater ecosystems with hazardous impacts on aquatic animals especially fish. Considerable amounts of Cadmium (Cd) in aquatic ecosystems are posing a serious threat to sustainable growth of aquaculture industry. Objective: To investigate acute toxicity of Cd (96-hour LC50 and lethal concentrations) was determined by utilizing probit analysis method for the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Methods: Different organs of fish (liver, gills and muscles) were also analyzed for accumulation of Cd by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: Acute toxicity of Cd (96-hour LC50) for Labeo rohita was calculated as 159.59 mg/L. Bioaccumulation of Cd in different tissues of fish was examined in the following order liver>gills> muscles. Comet assay was performed for the evaluation of DNA damage by different sub-lethal doses (1/2, 1/3, 1/4 of LC50) of Cd. Conclusions: This research will aid in control of heavy metals contamination and conservation of fish species Labeo rohita in natural aquatic habitats of Pakistan. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/115 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.115 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 30-35 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i02 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/115/96 10.54393/mjz.v5i02.115.g96 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/117 2024-11-26T10:56:42Z mjz:C.S driver

Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Coryza in a Peacock (Pavo cristatus): A Case Report: Infectious Coryza in Peacock Rehman, Fazal Ur Ahmad, Khalil Awais, Muhammad Mushtaq, Samia Parmina, . Mohsin, Muhammad Ullah, Zabeeh Khan, Aatif Masood Ahmad Raza, Baqir Asif, Muhammad Infectious Coryza Peacock Treatment Respiratory Infection Gentamicin Therapy Antibiotic Sensitivity Infectious Coryza (IC) is a contagious respiratory bacterial infection in peacocks. The current study evaluated the outcomes of treating infectious coryza in a peacock. The adult peacock at the age of 2 years was presented with a history of anorexia, difficulty breathing, sticky eyes, nasal and ocular discharge, and semi-solid swelling under the eyes. Clinical examination confirmed respiratory depression, a swollen head and face, gasping, occluded eyelids, sticky purulent discharge from the eyes and nostrils, moist rales, depression, and recumbency. Treatment included the use of injection of gentamicin, meloxicam, and multivitamins therapy, along with surgical debridement of facial edematous swelling. The peacock successfully recovered after 5 days of treatment. It was concluded that infectious coryza was a treatable disease, and an antibiotic sensitivity test was highly recommended for selecting a suitable antibiotic against bacterial infections. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/117 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.117 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 03 (July-Sep Issue); 40-44 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i03 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/117/100 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.117.g100 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/118 2025-12-08T09:24:17Z mjz:ART driver

Fungal Pathogens Prevalence in Avian Species: Regional and Species-specific Variations: Fungal Pathogens: Regional and Species-specific Variations Mohi Ud Din, Abrar Abro, Shahid Hussain Kalhoro, Dildar Hussain Shahid, Muhammad Abro, Rani Fungal Pathogens Free-Living Birds Prevalence Avian Species Fungal pathogens are opportunistic, causing infections in caged and free-living birds with hypo-immunity. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of fungal infections in avian species living in free and caged environments. Methods: The samples (n=600) were obtained using the simple random sampling technique (to ensure unbiased selection) from free-living and cage birds of Sindh Province and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Czapek dox agar and Potato dextrose agar and biochemical profiles. The cultures were subjected to biochemical profiles including cyclo-hexamine resistance, casein hydrolysis, fatty acid esterase activity and cellulose hydrolase activity. Results: Results showed that 4.16% of the samples were positive for the fungal species. Four fungal species including Aspergillus fumigatus (40.00%), Candida albicans (28.00%) Cryptococcus neoformans (24.00%) and Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (8.00%) were detected in the avian species. Significant (p<0.05) difference in fungal infection observed in free-living and cage birds. Conclusions: It was concluded that the fungal pathogens were detected in free-living and caged bird samples obtained from Sindh and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The variation in infection rates among bird types and locations impacts living and environmental conditions on fungal susceptibility. It offers significant insights into fungal infections in birds and contributes to developing infection management and environmental well-being strategies.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/118 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.118 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 04 (Oct-Dec Issue); 02-08 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i04 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/118/102 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.118.g102 Copyright (c) 2025 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/119 2024-10-14T11:36:32Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Utilizing Medicinal Plants for Disease Treatment in Aquaculture: An Approach to Improve Fish Health: Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture Iqbal, Tasawar Salma, Ume Umair, Muhammad Iqbal, Hummaira Asmara, . Khalid, Tayyaba Hyder, Shahbaz Botanical Approaches Medicinal Plants Aquaculture Fish health Botanicals were being used more and more in aquaculture to promote fish health as well as for disease prevention. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of botanicals in aquaculture worldwide and go through their modes of action that might play a key role in these activities. Similarly, some plants with well documented broad-spectrum antimicrobial, immunomodulatory activity, and antioxidant properties. These can be advantageous as supplements in fish feed to stimulate the immune function of fish. Plant extracts may exert positive effects on animal health through different modes rather than relying solely on a single mode. Using herbs as dietary additives has been shown to enhance immunity defense mechanisms. Recently, botanical treatments have been incorporated into aquaculture, resulting in increased growth rates and disease resistance, thus giving rise to more sustainable practices. Work was still being done in this area to find new bioactive compounds, understand how they work, and identify delivery systems that will ensure the compound reaches cells where needed. They can be incorporated with sustainable approaches, such as the aquaponics system, and possibly remain organic accredited, all while decreasing chemical residue on food products and sustaining environmental wellness. These emerging botanical approaches promise environmentally sustainable strategies for disease management in aquaculture, supporting the consumer shift to demand safe and sustainably produced seafood. The advantages that botanical treatments offer indicate them as essential tools for the development of a sustainable and eco-friendly aquaculture industry CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/119 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.119 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 03 (July-Sep Issue); 03-10 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i03 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/119/98 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.119.g98 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/126 2025-12-08T09:24:17Z mjz:ART driver

Proximate Composition of Rita rita from Southern Punjab, Pakistan: Proximate Composition of Rita rita Rehman, Saif ur Bano, Naheed Asif Raza, Muhammad Ishaq, Hafiz Muhammad Rita rita Proximate Body Composition Ash Content Aquaculture Fish and fish products are considered essential in the human diet due to their high nutritional content, particularly protein and omega-3 fatty acids, which are believed to help maintain good health and prevent cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological conditions. Objective: To evaluate the proximate Rita rita body composition of the freshwater catfish Rita rita from Pakistan. Methods: Fifty samples of were collected from River Chenab Head Muhammad wala, Multan, Punjab and their proximate body composition was evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while independent t-tests and correlation analyses were performed to evaluate relationships among morphometric parameters and body constituents. Results: Results showed that the fish contained 77.62 ± 3.47% water, 0.73 ± 0.19% ash (wet weight), 0.87 ± 0.19% fat (wet weight), and 20.78 ± 3.32% protein (wet weight). Correlation analysis revealed that water content was highly significantly correlated with protein (r=0.996), organic content (r=0.999), and ash (r=0.339), while body weight showed significant correlations with most body constituents, including fat (r=0.808) and protein (r=0.628). Conclusions: It is concluded that fish collected from the studied sampling site comprises good nutritional quality, especially in respect to fats and protein content, and hence highly recommended for consumption. Findings of the research work will be important for consumers to select proteinaceous fish and useful for nutritionists and ichthyologists working on the fish quality meat. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/126 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.126 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 04 (Oct-Dec Issue); 23-28 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i04 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/126/109 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.126.g109 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/128 2025-02-06T11:00:25Z mjz:ART driver

Antibacterial Efficacy of Pure Aloe Vera, Methanol Extract and Gentamicin Against Pathogenic Bacteria: Antibacterial Efficacy of Pure Aloe Vera Against Pathogenic Bacteria Keerio, Rizwan Ali Bughio, Shamsuddin Buriro, Rehana Bilawal, Muhammad Jamali, Muneer Ahmed Tariq, Mansoor Jamali, Imdadullah Jamali, Nawab Ali Jamali, Fahadullah Aloe Vera Antibacterial Extract Gentamicin The Aloe vera plant has been utilized for thousands of years for traditional medicinal reasons, including the prevention of bacterial development. Objectives: To investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of pure Aloe vera and its methanol extract, comparing their efficacy to that of the commonly used antibiotic gentamicin. Methods: 50 broiler meat samples were collected from the butcher markets of Tandojam. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done on 96 well plates. For this purpose, similar concentrations of pure Aloe vera, its methanol extract and gentamicin were to evaluate their minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration was tested based on the transparency and turbidity of the medium. Results: Out of 50 meat samples identified 19 (38%) were found positive for Staphylococcus aureus and 24 (48%) were positive for Escherichia coli. The mean susceptibility value of Staphylococcus aureus was noticed at 10, and 20µg/µl for pure Aloe vera, 20, 10, 5µg/µl for methanol extract and 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25µg/µl for gentamicin. While the mean concentration at which Escherichia coli growth inhabited was 20 µg/µl and 20, 10 µg/µl, and 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312 µg/µl for pure Aloe vera, its methanol extract and gentamicin, respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that all treatments i.e., pure Aloe vera, its methanol extract, and gentamicin inhibited the growth of isolated bacterial organisms, but the methanol extract stopped the growth of isolated organisms at lowered concentration in comparison to pure aloe vera. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/128 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.128 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 03 (July-Sep Issue); 17-21 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i03 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/128/108 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.128.g108 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/132 2024-12-03T09:10:00Z mjz:Edt driver

Technological Advances in Wildlife Monitoring and Conservation Nawaz, Ali Wildlife as one of the major categories of research and ecosystem management within the ecosystems, have a key role in maintaining structure, function and balance of ecosystems. However, the wildlife, its interaction and associated processes with environment and ecosystem equilibrium have received inadequate focus due to the constraints of conventional tracking and detection techniques. But in recent years, the technology of wildlife monitoring has shown enhanced improvement and change with the advancement of automatical and information technologies into the science.  The significant emergence of AI in wildlife monitoring has particular importance as it helps to gather vast amount of data which can be used for computer vision and interpretation. Acoustic tracking be described as the identification and documentation of sounds produced by wildlife and their subsequent analysis for numerous purposes including the determination of species presence, distribution and behavior. The AI algorithms (Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF) classifiers) are capable of being trained over big data samples of audio recordings to accurately identify and categorize wildlife sounds including calls, songs and vocalizations [1]. Technologically, from early radio telemetry used in research to modern satellite tracking, more animals could be tracked in increasingly fathomable manners. Remote sensing with satellites is useful in developing complex ecological niches and predicting possible dangers to the animals. For example, satellite photographs have greatly assisted the identification and monitoring of illicit logging practices in rainforests and this has helped in interventions and formulation of wildlife protection and tracking strategies. Also, recent tracking devices like GPS collars and satellite tags have enabled researchers to new outlooks in animal behavior and movement. Automated sensors, for example digital cameras and recording devices like microphones, can give high frequency of species recordation without influence on the species’ behavior. Molecular tools like DNA barcoding and genomic sequencing are helping in understanding the genetic well-being of the wildlife species and assessing the effect of inbreeding and genetic drift going on in the species. The advent of different thermal, optical and environmental sensors has helped in collecting information on wildlife habitat, and activities. The thermal infrared or TIR is very useful in tracking wildlife species since plants and animals emit light in TIR at their normal body temperature; this is the reason why, in contrast to the visual band they are detectable at night or in conditions of limited visibility. In conclusion it was clearly evident that technological advances in monitoring wildlife and its conservation can make a great contribution to the traditional tracking methods. The future of wildlife preservation depends on capacity to strike a balance between creativity and sustainability by using technology not just to protect our natural habitats but also to reuse this in future. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/132 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.132 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 03 (July-Sep Issue); 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i03 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/132/101 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.132.g101 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/134 2025-04-03T06:48:26Z mjz:Rew.Art driver

Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) as a Substituent of Protein Source for Fisheries and Aquaculture: A Mini Review: Mealworms as a Substituent of Protein Source Khan, Marij Sajjad Parveen, Mamoona Saleem, Areeba Bibi, Aalia Sadaf, Nosheen Yousaf, Hafiz Kamran Kabir, Muhammad Sustainable Feed Sources Aquaculture Yellow Mealworms Fishmeal Substitute Environmental Impact Development of aquaculture and fisheries depend on the availability of sustainable feed sources. Using insects is one new option that is gaining popularity. The high protein content, rapid growth and little environmental impact of yellow mealworms have made them an appealing solution. Mealworms contain a substantial protein content (47-64%), essential amino acids, energy-dense lipids, and vital micronutrients, making them a viable substitute for traditional protein sources in fisheries and aquaculture. Historically consumed in various cultures, Mealworms have gained attention for their economic and nutritional value. In aquaculture, they enhance fish growth, feed efficiency, and overall health. Studies have shown that incorporating mealworm meal into fish diets improves immune functions, growth performance, and liver health, although excessive inclusion may have adverse effects. The nutritional content of mealworms can be optimized by adjusting rearing conditions, diet, and developmental stage. The European Union's approval of mealworms for human consumption further validates their safety and potential as a sustainable protein source. This review emphasizes the nutritional benefits of mealworms as a substitute for fishmeal, addressing protein shortages and environmental concerns associated with traditional feed production. By integrating mealworms into aquaculture, we can significantly improve sustainability, economic efficiency, and global food security. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/134 10.54393/mjz.v6i1.134 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2025: Volume 06 Issue 01 (Jan-Mar Issue); 19-25 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v6i1 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/134/113 10.54393/mjz.v6i1.134.g113 Copyright (c) 2025 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/135 2025-12-08T09:24:17Z mjz:ART driver

Comparative Study of Herbal Feed Additives on Growth Performance and Haematology in Female Dairy Calves: Herbal Feed Additives in Dairy Calves Jabeen, Fatima Amjad Khan, Muhammad Ramzan, Humaira Zia, Tabassam Curcuma longa Allium sativum Zingiber officinale Growth Performance Haematology Herbal feed additives, including turmeric (Curcuma longa), garlic (Allium sativum), and ginger (Zingiber officinale), are increasingly explored for their potential to enhance livestock performance. Objective: To evaluate the effects of Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Allium sativum (Garlic) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) powder on the growth performance and hematological values of cross-bred female cow calves. Methods: Fifty calves were divided into ten groups: one control and nine experimental groups. The experimental groups were fed with standard rations and different concentrations of feed additives, i.e. 0.5 %, 1% and 1.5% of calf starter for sixteen weeks. An automated haematology analyzer was used to carry out haematological studies. Results: This study revealed a significant increase in weight gain along with PLT counts by the calves fed with Allium sativum (Garlic) powder at varying concentrations of 1.5 %, 0.5 % and 1.0 % calf starter, respectively. Haematological analysis showed substantial improvement in RBCs/WBCs/PLT counts and Hb/HCT levels in calves receiving 1.5% Curcuma longa (Turmeric) powder. No significant increase in growth rate was observed in any group fed with Zingiber officinale (Ginger) as a feed additive. Conclusions: On the basis of findings of this study, the use of 1.5 % Allium sativum (Garlic) as feed additive along with standard diet for increased weight gain in dairy calves is recommended. The addition of 1.5 % Curcuma longa (Turmeric) as feed additive in the diets of dairy calves also leads to increased count of RBCs, Hb, HCT, PLT and WBC’s values resulting into better immunity and resistance.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/135 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.135 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 04 (Oct-Dec Issue); 09-16 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i04 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/135/104 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.135.g104 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/137 2025-04-28T08:00:51Z mjz:ART driver

Taxonomic description of new species Diplotriaena Sarmasti n.sp. (Nematode: Filariidae) in Jungle Mynas (Acridotheres fuscus) Wagler, 1872 (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) from District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan: Diplotriaena Sarmasti n.sp. in Jungle Mynas Wagler, 1872 (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) Soomro, Bakhtawar Memon, Shakeel Ahmed Jungle Myna Nematode Acridotheres Fuscus Taxonomic Sorting Nematodes that recycle nutrients, govern pests, and offer data regarding the wellness of the soil, rendering them vital for both the environment and the soil. The crop yield, nematode management, gastrointestinal nematodes, predatory nematodes, entomopathogenic nematodes, nutrient cycling, soil quality and health indicators are all severely affected by worms. Objectives: To conduct zoological studies in District Larkana, Sindh, taxonomic sorting, or ecological research. Jungle mynas belong to the order Passeriformes, which are usually collected and preserved. Methods: The standard method employed for morphological analysis and ornithological research. Certain procedures are followed throughout the mynas' collection, preservation, and morphological examination to guarantee the credibility of this research while causing the least amount of injury to individual birds. The methods used differ depending on the study's goals and the ethical issues surrounding animal research. Mynas are a family of birds in the Passeriformes order. Frequently, investigations of them are conducted for zoological, taxonomic and ecological research studies. A new species of nematodes, “Diplotriaena sarmasti n.sp” documented in Jungle Mynas “Acridotheres fuscus” from the vicinity of Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Results: Overall, 25 nematodes (♂♂) were recovered from the body cavity of hosts. In the present study, nematodes reflected variations by their following characteristics viz: body dimensions, spicule shape and 23 to 24 pairs of caudal papillae. Conclusions: Therefore, these morpho-metrical changes are recommended as a new species and authoress devoted this species, Diplotriaena sarmasti n.sp. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/137 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.137 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 03 (July-Sep Issue); 22-27 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i03 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/137/116 10.54393/mjz.v5i03.137.g116 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.markhorjournal.com:article/140 2025-12-08T09:24:17Z mjz:Edt driver

The Role of Zoos in Biodiversity Conservation Fatima, Naz The term zoo refers to a variety of institutions that house wild or exotic animals. Zoos can develop effective conservation strategies for endangered species, conduct scientific study to improve animal husbandry, impacts of the living collection, and employ educational initiatives to promote human interaction, development, and behavioral change due to their wide global reach. The commitment to biodiversity conservation guides day-to-day operations at zoos globally Zoos, as organizations mostly deal with different aspects of conservation like practice, research and advocacy. Conservation practices include species reintroduction initiatives, captive breeding, species survival strategies, and the utilization of zoo revenue for conservation programs in the wild. Zoos offer captive breeding programs for endangered species to regulate genetic diversity and maintain their population. The key aspect in conservation is advocacy which contributes to public engagement, supports stewardship, raises awareness and initiates fundraising programs, ultimately leading to protective environment for all kinds of species. Zoos provide knowledge on animal conservation, care,  and confinement by conducting research and developing methodologies in wildlife biology, animal behavior, health, and welfare.They also promote educational and research initiatives in collaboration with scientists interested in animal conservation and preservation and ecological diversity. They inspire visitors to develop a relationship with wildlife by allowing them to observe live animals. Public engagement can ensure public awareness by communicating importance of biodiversity and advocates wildlife conservation Zoos serve an important role in restoring population of threatened and endangered species, protecting their habitats, maintaining genetic diversity, and developing new strategies for species conservation. Animal breeding programs and reintroduction to the wild or natural habitat help preserving rare and endangered species. Every zoo accredited by AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums), partners with conservation organizations for collaborative research efforts towards species extinction. Biodiversity conservation is a complex target that involves the participation of various stakeholders.  Herein,  zoos  collaborate with government and  non- government institutes and other researchers in various projects. The future of modern zoos will be determined by their ability to meet sustainable societal and environmental standards. Their goals should emphasize conservation by focusing on scientific research. However, some zoos have been criticized for prioritizing entertainment over animal welfare, while others argue that keeping animals captive is unethical. Despite these challenges, zoos continue to play an important role in the management, health, welfare and conservation of biodiversity.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/140 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.140 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology); 2024: Volume 05 Issue 04 (Oct-Dec Issue); 01 2790-4385 2790-4377 10.54393/mjz.v5i04 eng https://www.markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/140/103 10.54393/mjz.v5i04.140.g103 Copyright (c) 2024 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 9628a7a1c70fbf5c75986436acc0c4fb